Historical Dictionary of the Russian Federation

AGRICULTURE

Agriculture: translation

Due to itsgeographyandclimate, agriculture in Russia is limited to approximately 7 percent of the country’s territory or 1.2 million square kilometers. Despite this limitation, Russia is one of the world’s largest producers of foodstuffs. The Russian Federation ranks fourth in arable land and is a major producer of the world’s grain (wheat, corn, oats, and barley), sugar beets, sunflower seeds, vegetables, potatoes, fruits, beef, and milk. It is the fourthlargest international producer of wheat. The areas of the country most associated with farming include theChernozemor “Black Earth” region, theKrasnodar Krai, theVolgabasin, and extreme southernSiberia. While most of Russia’s crop yield comes from products that tolerate extreme cold, tropical fruits are grown in theCaucasusand around theBlack Sea.
The country’s history is closely linked to agricultural policy, beginning with the long period of serfdom that ended in the mid-19th century. Under the Soviets, agricultural lands were nationalized to form state farms (sovkhozy) or collectivized to form collective farms (kolkhozy). The post–World War II period was characterized by a high degree of bureaucratization, which created massive inefficiencies, resulting in agricultural outputs that were dwarfed by per capita yields in Western Europe and North America. In the 1970s, overreliance on mineral fertilizers and pesticides together with irrational irrigation schemes caused significant damage to theenvironmentand, in some cases, rendered certain areas barren.
During the 1980s, low-levelprivatizationresulted in significant improvements in production.DespiteMikhailGorbachev’s reforms such as the Law on Peasant Farms in 1990, the country—long the breadbasket of Europe—became a net food importer.Boris Yeltsinsought to introduce market-based reforms into the agricultural sector, providing mechanisms for the creation of private farms. However, fear of economic uncertainty resulted in a slow progression toward the privatization of agriculture in the 1990s. Government subsidies continued, and the cause of the farmer became a major political issue for parties such as theCommunist Party of the Russian Federationand theAgrarian Party of Russia.
During the mid-1990s, crop yields plummeted and livestock herds shrank as Russia suffered from the effects ofshock therapy. Many Russians took to cultivating household plots to combat rising prices during the country’s economic transition. As the Russianeconomyrecovered underVladimir Putin, the country was forced to import increasing amounts of food, particularly meat, to keep pace with demand; in 2008, Russia imported 40 percent of its food. The general failure of land reform, combined with competition resulting fromglobalization, continues to plague the sector. First, as president, Putin’s emphasis on “food security,” including state intervention in pricing and continued subsidies of poorly performing farms, created problems with Russia’s bid to join the World Trade Organization (WTO). Later, as prime minister, Putin has emphasized technological advancement as the key to increasing agricultural yields in the near term.
See alsoForeign trade; Rural life.

  1. agriculture—Agriculture translation Egypt was an agricultural country in which the bulk of the population were peasant farmers involved in work on the land. The fertility of the land...Ancient Egypt
  2. agriculture—agriculture translation nounADJECTIVE modern intensive organic sustainable conventional traditional largescale smallscale peasant subsistence slashandbur...Collocations dictionary
  3. agriculture—A largescale farming enterprise The practice of cultivating the land or raising stock The federal department that administers programs that provide services to farmers ...Crosswordopener
  4. agriculture—agriculture bersetzungLandwirtschaft fagriculture biologique biologische Landwirtschaft f agriculture [agikylty] Substantif fminin Landwirtschaft fmininem...Dictionnaire Francais-Allemand
  5. agriculture—agriculture bersetzungLandwirtschaft fagriculture biologique biologische Landwirtschaft f agriculture [agikylty] Substantif fminin Landwirtschaft fmininem...Dictionnaire Francais-Allemand
  6. agriculture—Agriculture translation Tilling the ground Gen. and rearing cattle were the chief employments in ancient times. The Egyptians excelled in agriculture. And after the I...Easton's Bible Dictionary
  7. agriculture—agriculture translation agriculturestrong agriculture [grklt r] noun [uncountable] FARMING the practice or science of farming Agriculture accounts for over of net do...Financial and business terms
  8. agriculture—agriculture translation the science art and business of cultivating the soil producing crops and raising livestock farming....Geography glossary
  9. agriculture—Agriculture translation Agriculture most often associated with the kibbutzstrong has occupied a position of prominence in Israel and in Zioniststrong ideology greater tha...Historical Dictionary of Israel
  10. agriculture—AGRICULTURE translation Agriculture formed the basis of the Mesopotamian economy. The first steps toward a managed production of cereals were taken as early as the th mil...Historical Dictionary of Mesopotamia
  11. agriculture—AGRICULTURE translation Great advances have been made in the systematic study of Etruscan agriculture now that direct methods of analysis have substantially augmented the...Historical Dictionary of the Etruscans
  12. agriculture—Agriculture translation Agriculture has been one of the most important means of subsistence since prehistoric times. During the Middle Ages agriculture was mainly organiz...Historical Dictionary of the Netherlands
  13. agriculture—Agriculture translation Seeem Farmers....Historical dictionary of Weimar Republik
  14. agriculture—agriculture translationSynonyms and related wordsCeres Cora Demeter Dionysos Dionysus Flora Frey Gaea Gaia Kore Persephassa Persephone Pomona Proserpina Proserpine Tripto...Moby Thesaurus
  15. agriculture—[grkl]сельское хозяйство земледелие агрономия...Англо-русский большой универсальный переводческий словарь
  16. agriculture—transcription транскрипция [ rklt ] сельское хозяйство земледелие agriculture and fisheries agriculture and related industries commercial agriculture extensive a...Англо-русский деловой словарь
  17. agriculture—сельское хозяйство...Англо-русский дополнительный словарь
  18. agriculture—сельское хозяйство земледелие агрономия...Англо-русский научно-технический словарь
  19. agriculture—сельское хозяйство...Англо-русский онлайн словарь
  20. agriculture—сельское хозяйство...Англо-русский онлайн словарь
  21. agriculture—земледелие сельское хозяйство агрокультура сельскохозяйственная культура сельскохозяйственная культура...Англо-русский словарь биологических терминов
  22. agriculture—a сельскохозяйственный...Англо-русский словарь Лингвистика-98
  23. agriculture—n агрономия земледелие сельское хозяйство...Англо-русский словарь Лингвистика-98
  24. agriculture—agriculture [grklt] nu сельское хозяйство земледелие агрономияMinistry of A. министерство земледелия в Англии...Англо-русский словарь Мюллера
  25. agriculture—сущ. сельское хозяйство земледелие агрономия Board of Agriculture министерство земледелия в Англии Syn farming...Англо-русский словарь общей лексики
  26. agriculture—сельское хозяйство аграрный сектор...Англо-русский словарь по биотехнологиям
  27. agriculture—n sociology of agriculture...Англо-русский словарь по социологии
  28. agriculture—strong сельское хозяйствоstrong земледелие агрономия commercial agriculture continental agriculture crofting agriculture diversified agriculture dry agriculture efficient...Англо-русский словарь по экономике
  29. agriculture—nсельское хозяйство земледелиеto adopt to agriculture приспосабливать к нуждам сельского хозяйстваto reconstruct agriculture перестраивать сельское хозяйство cropgrowin...Англо-русский словарь политической терминологии
  30. agriculture—n. агрокультура сельское хозяйство земледелие агрономия...Англо-русский словарь редакция bed
  31. agriculture—сельское хозяйство земледелие agriculture and fisheries agriculture and related industries commercial agriculture extensive agriculture subsistence agriculture...Англо-русский словарь финансовых терминов
  32. agriculture—rkltсельское хозяйство земледелие агрономия...Англо-русский словарь экономических терминов
  33. agriculture—сущ. sociology of agriculture[m]...Англо-русский социологический словарь
  34. agriculture—сельский хлебопашество...Англо-русский технический словарь
  35. agriculture—сущ.сельское хозяйствоа с.х. одна из отраслей материального производства связанная с возделыванием сельскохозяйственных культур и разведением сельскохозяйственных животны...Англо-русский экономический словарь
  36. agriculture—nсльське господарство землеробство агрономя Board of Agriculture...Англо-украинский словарь
  37. agriculture—землеробство...Англо-український словник
  38. agriculture—n сльське господарство землеробство агрономя Board of Agriculture мнстерство землеробства у Великй Британ обробток земл хлборобство....Англо-український словник Балла М.І.
  39. agriculture—f земледелие полеводство растениеводство сельское хозяйство agriculture collectivise коллективное сельское хозяйствоchambre dagriculture сельскохозяйственная палата пр...Большой французско-русский и русско-французский словарь
  40. agriculture—f земледелие полеводство растениеводство сельское хозяйство agriculture collectivise коллективное сельское хозяйствоchambre dagriculture сельскохозяйственная палата пр...Большой французско-русский и русско-французский словарь
  41. agriculture—[grklt] n сельское хозяйство земледелие агрокультура хлебопашество...Новый большой англо-русский словарь
  42. agriculture—agriculture [grklt] ni сельское хозяйство земледелие агрокультура хлебопашество...Новый большой англо-русский словарь II
  43. agriculture—grklt n сельское хозяйство земледелие агрокультура хлебопашество...Новый большой англо-русский словарь под общим руководством акад. Ю.Д. Апресяна
  44. agriculture—f земледелие полеводство растениеводство сельское хозяйство agriculture collectivise коллективное сельское хозяйство chambre dagriculture сельскохозяйственная палата ...Новый французско-русский словарь
  45. agriculture—f земледелие полеводство растениеводство сельское хозяйство agriculture collectivise коллективное сельское хозяйство chambre dagriculture сельскохозяйственная палата ...Новый французско-русский словарь
  46. agriculture—сельскохозяйственное производство отрасль сельское хозяйство...Французско-русский экономический словарь