Historical Dictionary of the Russian Federation

EDUCATION

Education: translation

As was the case under the Soviet regime, education in Russia is predominantly provided by the state and is regulated by the Federal Ministry of Education through a nationwide curriculum and examinations. Several education reforms have occurred since 1991, resulting in a partialprivatizationof the educational sector. While in the 1990s education reform was a result of the need to depoliticize and to de-ideologize education, Russia’s main challenge after the year 2000 was the need to compete on the world stage and to integrate into the global education system by adopting rules and practices established in other countries, especially those of theEuropean Union.
While the early Bolshevik government set a series of inspirational and truly democratic principles and practices—it was the first government in Russian history to establish free education for all citizens—underJoseph Stalin, Soviet education became a major political battleground, with the subjugation of knowledge for the sake of ideology and the dismissal of teachers and professors becoming a regular occurrence. Consequently, the purpose of the education reform introduced byMikhail Gorbachevin the 1980s as part of theperestroikaanduskoreniie>(acceleration) processes was to improve the education system by removing excessive politicization and ideologization. Gorbachev also attempted to lessen the power of the entrenchednomenklatura>, who had long wielded total control over the curriculum, as well assports, culture, and recreation centers.Gorbachev’s education reform was well publicized and hotly debated in themedia. One of the immediate outcomes of perestroika was the 1990 law “On Freedom ofReligion,” which meant that by permitting religious education, the state gave educational institutions greater freedom to develop their own curriculum and teaching practices. The main outcomes of the extensive and heated discussions of the previous decade found their way into the Russian Federation’s 1992 law “On Education,” which authorized three curriculum components for state schools: federal, regional, and local. The first component is compulsory, and successful completion is required to receive a nationally recognized certificate of secondary education. The remainder of the curriculum content is delegated to local authorities. For the first time in the history of Russian/Soviet education, priority was given to effective pedagogy and the personal development of the student, with a secondary focus being placed on the needs of society and state. By delegating some of the power to regional and republican authorities, the Russian state also recognized the equality and independence of all titular and nontitular peoples and their right to further their own cultural, historical, and ethnic traditions. In addition to regulation of the curriculum, the law regulated the financial and practical side of the educational policies: local governments were now responsible for fixing the local budgets, for constructing and maintaining school buildings, and for supplying equipment to schools. At the same time, the federal government reserved the right to monitor the level of academic achievement through examinations and the provision of professional training by means of a state certification agency that was independent of the school administration.
Russia’s contemporary educational system includes a series of components: preschool education (nurseries and kindergartens); primary and secondary education (elementary, middle, and senior); higher education (four- to five-year degree courses at universities or vocation, technology, or specialized “institutes” and “academies”). Postgraduate education in Russia involves a three- to five-year program resulting in a degree ofkandidat, similar to the AngloAmerican PhD.
In the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), a large number of vocational and technical schools were supported by their respective industries, and a career path was almost guaranteed for the graduates of these establishments. Since 1991, the links betweenindustryand education have been severed due to the collapse of Soviet heavy industry and lack of funds that could be used for training purposes. Working under new market conditions, technical colleges have to compete for applicants, and it has become increasingly difficult to attract Russian youth to certain professions, resulting in the lack of a qualified workforce in certain industries, which are filled withimmigrantworkers from other former Soviet republics.
At present, by law, all certificates of secondary education (attestat zrelosti, literally meaning “proof of maturity”), irrespective of the school, region, or program of training, conform to the same standard and are considered to be fully equivalent. The state ensures the quality of education and fairness of grading by holding unified state examinations (edinyi gosudarstvennyi ekzamen). The first such nationwide exams took place in 2007; the purpose of the introduction of these exams was to provide students with a common curriculum, to enable students to use their grades to apply for studies in any Russian university or universities abroad, and to combatcorruptionin the educational system. Previously each institution of higher education would run its own entry examinations, testing the knowledge of the applicants in specific subjects, resulting in poor quality of the student body, low standards, and widespread bribery.
Nowadays, students may obtain a degree of higher education in a number of ways. They can apply to state-funded universities and get their education for free (in fact, in addition to free tuition, they will get a small stipend from the state to help them with their living costs), or they can enroll in the same universities, but as fee-paying students (for fee-paying students admission requirements are lower, and they do not receive any financial support from the state). Alternatively, students can choose to study at fully private universities, where fees are paradoxically lower than tuition fees at state-funded universities because they are new institutions only establishing their reputation. The program of education at the university level normally lasts five years and culminates in a degree of higher education (spetsialist). Following the Bologna process, which is aimed at reorganizing and streamlining the system of higher education in Europe, Russia has introduced its own bachelor’s and master’s degrees. At the moment, the bachelor andspetsialisttracks are available to all students; however, it is expected that in 2010 allspetsialistprograms will be discontinued. The changes in the curriculum brought about by the Bologna process will not affect funding or management of the university educational system, as these are provided by the state. Coinciding with the start of the Bologna process, the Federal Ministry of Education established federal centers of excellence in teaching and research. Three centers in the north, south, and east of the country have been established so far (Moscow State Universitydid not take part in the program because this university enjoys a special status as it is funded directly from the state budget). Their purpose is to test the transition from the Soviet to European model of teaching and to consolidate the number of discrete educational institutions. The outcome of this reform is still not clear; Russianjournalistsoften complain about the destruction of the Soviet educational system, which previously provided training to all citizens, resulting in almost universal literacy (according to the 2002 census, the literacy rate in Russia was 99.4 percent); however, the old system failed to compete on the global educational market. In 2004 in Russia, state spending for education was 3.6 percent of GDP. Private institutions accounted for 1 percent of preschool education, 0.5 percent of primary and secondary education, and 17 percent of university education. In Russia,womenhave higher rates of education than men, including university education.

  1. education—мед.сущ. обучение образование обучение Англорусский медицинский словарь....Англо-русский медицинский словарь
  2. education—образование просвещение обучение развитие дрессировка lymphocyte education обучение [коммитирование] лимфоцитов Tcell education обучение [коммитирование] Тклеток в т...Англо-русский словарь по иммунологии
  3. education—образование обучениеem обучение...Англо-русский физический словарь
  4. education—Education translation The bulk of the Egyptian population consisted of agricultural laborers while not more than percent or less were literate. There is little evidence ...Ancient Egypt
  5. education—Education translation Education In the broadest sense education includes all those experiences by which intelligence is developed knowledge acquired and character formed...Catholic encyclopedia
  6. education—education translation nounADJECTIVE decent excellent firstclass good highquality quality wellrounded poor compulsory formal Although he had had little formal edu...Collocations dictionary
  7. education—education translationSee HIGHER EDUCATION....Dictionary of American idioms
  8. education—Education translationallergy bullyingdigital nativedropout factoryeducation mortgageequity educationflu dayfreshman fuzzy mathJ curvejustintime learningLake Wobegon effec...Dictionary of new words
  9. éducation—ducation bersetzung Erziehung f formationem Ausbildung f disciplineem Zucht f ducation scolaire Schulbildung fducation sexuelle Sexualerziehung f ducation [edykasj] ...Dictionnaire Francais-Allemand
  10. éducation—ducation bersetzung Erziehung f formationem Ausbildung f disciplineem Zucht f ducation scolaire Schulbildung fducation sexuelle Sexualerziehung f ducation [edykasj] ...Dictionnaire Francais-Allemand
  11. education—education translation educationstrong education [edjken ed] noun [uncountable] the process of learning for example at schools and universities and the process by which...Financial and business terms
  12. education—Education translation Little information is available on early primary education. The college of canons of the Cathdrale des SaintsMicheletGudulestrong then a collegiate ...Historical Dictionary of Brussels
  13. education—Education translation Education has been a priority for Israel since independence although there was already substantial growth of Jewish education under the British mand...Historical Dictionary of Israel
  14. education—Education translation The Italian educational system developed slowly and unevenly. Provision for basic education was sorely neglected in Italy until well after World War...Historical Dictionary of modern Italy
  15. education—Education translation Seeem Humanism....Historical Dictionary of Renaissance
  16. education—Education translation School education became a task of the state govern ment only in the more recent stage of Dutch history. It was tradi tionally regarded as a task for...Historical Dictionary of the Netherlands
  17. education—Education translation Seeem School Bill andem Universities....Historical dictionary of Weimar Republik
  18. education—education translationSynonyms and related wordsaccomplishments acculturation acquisition of knowledge acquisitions attainments broadening the mind catechization civility ...Moby Thesaurus
  19. education—[edjken]образование обучение подготовка просвещениедрессировка обучениевоспитание развитиекультура образованность...Англо-русский большой универсальный переводческий словарь
  20. education—образование просвещение обучение воспитание развитие характера способностей культура образованность дрессировка обучение животных...Англо-русский дополнительный словарь
  21. education—образование...Англо-русский онлайн словарь
  22. education—образование...Англо-русский онлайн словарь
  23. education—обучение воспитание развитие характера способностей ecological education environmenta education lymphocyte education...Англо-русский словарь биологических терминов
  24. education—образование обучение software engineering education education for computers education of computer...Англо-русский словарь компьютерных терминов
  25. education—n культура образование образованность просвещение...Англо-русский словарь Лингвистика-98
  26. education—education [edjken] nu образование просвещение обучение allround education разностороннее образование classical commercial art education классическое коммерческое художе...Англо-русский словарь Мюллера
  27. education—сущ. а образование обучение подготовка просвещение о человеке provide an education давать образование adult education broad education college education compulsory e...Англо-русский словарь общей лексики
  28. education—образование обучение software engineering education education for computers education of computer...Англо-русский словарь по компьютерам
  29. education—n .strong образование просвещение воспитание процесс целенаправленного развития способностей .strong образованность культура. strong образование просвещение воспитание ...Англо-русский словарь по социологии
  30. education—Обучение образование adult education belowcost education business education career education college education compulsory education elementary education engineering educa...Англо-русский словарь по экономике
  31. education—nобразование воспитаниеto abandon free higher education отказываться от бесплатного высшего образованияto get onesem education перен.u получать урок adult education adv...Англо-русский словарь политической терминологии
  32. education—n. образование просвещение обучение воспитание развитие образованность культура дрессировка...Англо-русский словарь редакция bed
  33. education—distributive educationАнглорусский строительный словарь. М. Русский Язык.С.Н.Корчемкина С.К.Кашкина С.В.Курбатова...Англо-русский словарь строительных терминов
  34. education—сущ.emstrong образование просвещение воспитание процесс целенаправленного развития способностей образованность культура. adult education[m] compulsory education[m] family...Англо-русский социологический словарь
  35. education—воспитание образование обучение развитие...Англо-русский технический словарь
  36. education—обучение образование см. тж. computing education courseware education on demand remote leaning SIGCSE...Англо-русский толковый словарь терминов и сокращений по ВТ, Интернету и программированию
  37. education—сущ. обр. образование обучение просвещениеlegal education юридическое образованиеmanagement education образование в области управленияcollege education обучение в вузе...Англо-русский экономический словарь
  38. education—воспитание обучение образование correctional education equal education judicial education legal education prison education vocational education...Англо-русский юридический словарь
  39. education—nвиховання освта навчанняelementary education початкова освтаfree education безплатна освтаhigher education вища освтаsecondary education середня освтаuniversal educa...Англо-украинский словарь
  40. education—виховання перевиховання освта education act education for citizenship education law Education Ministry education qualification...Англо-украинский юридический словарь
  41. education—n . освта навчання . виховання . освченсть культура allround всебчна широка освта compulsory обовязкове навчання elementary початкова освта free безкоштовне навча...Англо-український дипломатичний словник
  42. education—освченсть навчання просвтництво виховання...Англо-український словник
  43. education—nнавчання пдготовка safety education...Англо-український словник авіаційних термінів
  44. education—n освта навчання elementary початкова освта free безплатна освта trade професйне навчання higher виша освта secondary середня освта universal загальна освта allrou...Англо-український словник Балла М.І.
  45. education—Розвиток...Англо-український словник технічних термінів
  46. education—розвитокосвта виховання...Англо-український словник технічних термінів II
  47. education—виховання перевиховання освта education acteducation for citizenshipeducation lawEducation Ministryeducation qualification...Англо-український юридичний словник
  48. éducation—f воспитание maison dducation воспитательный домducation physique физкультураducation nationale народное просвещение образованиеducation professionnelle профессиональ...Большой французско-русский и русско-французский словарь
  49. éducation—f воспитание maison dducation воспитательный домducation physique физкультураducation nationale народное просвещение образованиеducation professionnelle профессиональ...Большой французско-русский и русско-французский словарь
  50. éducation—f воспитание maison dducation воспитательный домducation physique физкультураducation nationale народное просвещение образованиеducation professionnelle профессиональ...Большой французско-русский и русско-французский словарь
  51. éducation—f воспитание maison dducation воспитательный домducation physique физкультураducation nationale народное просвещение образованиеducation professionnelle профессиональ...Большой французско-русский и русско-французский словарь
  52. education—[edjken] n. образование просвещениеallround education разностороннее образованиеcompulsory education обязательное обучениеfree education бесплатное обучениеparty educ...Новый большой англо-русский словарь
  53. education—education [edjken] ni . образование просвещение allround разностороннее образование compulsory обязательное обучение free бесплатное обучение party партийное про...Новый большой англо-русский словарь II
  54. education—education [edjken] ni . образование просвещение allround разностороннее образование compulsory обязательное обучение free бесплатное обучение party партийное про...Новый большой англо-русский словарь II
  55. education—edjken n . образование просвещение allround разностороннее образование compulsory обязательное обучение free бесплатное обучение party партийное просвещение ...Новый большой англо-русский словарь под общим руководством акад. Ю.Д. Апресяна
  56. education—edjken n . образование просвещение allround разностороннее образование compulsory обязательное обучение free бесплатное обучение party партийное просвещение ...Новый большой англо-русский словарь под общим руководством акад. Ю.Д. Апресяна
  57. éducation—f воспитание maison dducation воспитательный дом ducation physique физкультура ducation nationale народное просвещение образование ducation professionnelle профессио...Новый французско-русский словарь
  58. éducation—f воспитание maison dducation воспитательный дом ducation physique физкультура ducation nationale народное просвещение образование ducation professionnelle профессио...Новый французско-русский словарь
  59. éducation—f воспитание maison dducation воспитательный дом ducation physique физкультура ducation nationale народное просвещение образование ducation professionnelle профессио...Новый французско-русский словарь
  60. education—Education is a gift that none can take away Знание лучше богатства Silver and gold tarnish away but a good education will never decay Знание лучше богатства...Русско-английский словарь пословиц и поговорок
  61. éducation—f ducation nutritionnelleducation sanitaireducation sexuelle...Французско-русский медицинский словарь
  62. éducation—f ducation nutritionnelleducation sanitaireducation sexuelle...Французско-русский медицинский словарь
  63. éducation—образование обучение...Французско-русский экономический словарь
  64. éducation—f воспитание ducation surveille...Французско-русский юридический словарь
  65. éducation—f воспитание ducation surveille...Французско-русский юридический словарь
  66. éducation—Виховання...Французько-український словник
  67. éducation—Виховання...Французько-український словник