Historical Dictionary of modern Italy

EDUCATION

Education: translation

The Italian educational system developed slowly and unevenly. Provision for basic education was sorely neglected in Italy until well after World War II, yet the country also possessed outstanding high schools that gave an excellent classical education. The foundations of public education were two laws passed in 1859 and 1877, which theoretically made public education available to all children aged between six and nine years of age. However, because provision of schools was made the responsibility of municipal governments, which meant small villages had to levy taxes to pay for their own schools, the laws were widely ignored, especially in rural areas and the South. The 1911 census estimated that half the adult population was illiterate. According to Dennis Mack Smith, there were 35 education ministers between 1887 and 1925; obviously, such chopping and changing in the ministry precluded systematic attempts at reform. In 1911, a radical education minister, Luigi Credaro, finally made financing of schools a provincial responsibility and increased state spending on education. Nevertheless, basic education remained a hit-and-miss affair for many Italians, and illiteracy rates remained strikingly high throughout the Fascist period. The 1923 curriculum reform proposed by the Fascist philosopher Giovanni Gentile stressed humanistic education and less rote learning, but its effects were severely limited by Fascist indoctrination in the schools. As late as the 1950s, in defiance of article 34 of the Constitution of 1948, many children were educated only to the age of 11, and it was only in 1962 that the center-left government headed by Amintore Fanfani introduced both compulsory education until 14 and a common curriculum until that age. The immediate postwar years were also characterized by an acute shortage of teachers. This problem was overcome only in the 1970s, after the baby-boom generation graduated from university.
Today, children start school typically aged six years and stay in primary education for five years.They are usually taught by two maestre (most primary school teachers are women), one for Italian language and the humanities, the other for science and mathematics. Languages are now widely taught in primary schools, too, with English being the most common second language. Between 11 and 14 years of age, Italians study at Scuola Media, where they take a leaving examination to determine their fitness for moving on to the next level. Until 1997, it was possible to leave school once one had passed the Scuola media examination, but it is now obligatory to have completed at least one year of secondary studies before dropping out of school. All secondary education is free and is administered by the state, though private (usually religious) schools do exist alongside the state system.
Until recently, Italian secondary schools were divided into academic and professional schools. The most prestigious secondary schools were the preuniversity licei(like the French lycee or German Gymnasium). The 14-year-old could choose among the classical liceo, the scientific liceo, fine arts, the conservatory, the pedagogical liceo, and the liceo specializing in foreign languages. Those individuals who did not aim at university studies followed a separate track, concluding their education by studying at technical schools, industrial arts schools, the merchant marine academy, or secretarial and bookkeeping schools (ragionerie), although the possession of a diploma from these schools did not exclude pursuing a university career. Recent education reforms, however, have raised technical schools and the ragionerieto the status of the licei. The goal is to ensure that almost all young Italians are educated academically to 18 years of age.
The school curriculum and teaching methods remain strikingly traditional: The Gentile law, with its emphasis on the humanistic disciplines, still exerts an influence. Students have a very limited choice of electives, and at the traditional licei Latin and philosophy are core subjects for all students. Students who fail to achieve satisfactory standards in several subjects may be required to repeat a year, although this practice is much less common than it once was. The school-leaving examination (maturita) has oral and written components. Until the late 1990s judgments of candidates’ readiness were made by a panel of eight, four from one’s own high school and four outside evaluators from other Italian regions. A 1997 reform introduced by the center-left Olive Tree coalition/Ulivo all but abolished outside assessment, a move that is widely believed to have lowered academic standards. All students who pass the maturita are entitled to automatic entry to a university.
See alsoUniversities.

  1. education—мед.сущ. обучение образование обучение Англорусский медицинский словарь....Англо-русский медицинский словарь
  2. education—образование просвещение обучение развитие дрессировка lymphocyte education обучение [коммитирование] лимфоцитов Tcell education обучение [коммитирование] Тклеток в т...Англо-русский словарь по иммунологии
  3. education—образование обучениеem обучение...Англо-русский физический словарь
  4. education—Education translation The bulk of the Egyptian population consisted of agricultural laborers while not more than percent or less were literate. There is little evidence ...Ancient Egypt
  5. education—Education translation Education In the broadest sense education includes all those experiences by which intelligence is developed knowledge acquired and character formed...Catholic encyclopedia
  6. education—education translation nounADJECTIVE decent excellent firstclass good highquality quality wellrounded poor compulsory formal Although he had had little formal edu...Collocations dictionary
  7. education—education translationSee HIGHER EDUCATION....Dictionary of American idioms
  8. education—Education translationallergy bullyingdigital nativedropout factoryeducation mortgageequity educationflu dayfreshman fuzzy mathJ curvejustintime learningLake Wobegon effec...Dictionary of new words
  9. éducation—ducation bersetzung Erziehung f formationem Ausbildung f disciplineem Zucht f ducation scolaire Schulbildung fducation sexuelle Sexualerziehung f ducation [edykasj] ...Dictionnaire Francais-Allemand
  10. éducation—ducation bersetzung Erziehung f formationem Ausbildung f disciplineem Zucht f ducation scolaire Schulbildung fducation sexuelle Sexualerziehung f ducation [edykasj] ...Dictionnaire Francais-Allemand
  11. education—education translation educationstrong education [edjken ed] noun [uncountable] the process of learning for example at schools and universities and the process by which...Financial and business terms
  12. education—Education translation Little information is available on early primary education. The college of canons of the Cathdrale des SaintsMicheletGudulestrong then a collegiate ...Historical Dictionary of Brussels
  13. education—Education translation Education has been a priority for Israel since independence although there was already substantial growth of Jewish education under the British mand...Historical Dictionary of Israel
  14. education—Education translation Seeem Humanism....Historical Dictionary of Renaissance
  15. education—Education translation School education became a task of the state govern ment only in the more recent stage of Dutch history. It was tradi tionally regarded as a task for...Historical Dictionary of the Netherlands
  16. education—Education translation As was the case under the Soviet regime education in Russia is predominantly provided by the state and is regulated by the Federal Ministry of Educa...Historical Dictionary of the Russian Federation
  17. education—Education translation Seeem School Bill andem Universities....Historical dictionary of Weimar Republik
  18. education—education translationSynonyms and related wordsaccomplishments acculturation acquisition of knowledge acquisitions attainments broadening the mind catechization civility ...Moby Thesaurus
  19. education—[edjken]образование обучение подготовка просвещениедрессировка обучениевоспитание развитиекультура образованность...Англо-русский большой универсальный переводческий словарь
  20. education—образование просвещение обучение воспитание развитие характера способностей культура образованность дрессировка обучение животных...Англо-русский дополнительный словарь
  21. education—образование...Англо-русский онлайн словарь
  22. education—образование...Англо-русский онлайн словарь
  23. education—обучение воспитание развитие характера способностей ecological education environmenta education lymphocyte education...Англо-русский словарь биологических терминов
  24. education—образование обучение software engineering education education for computers education of computer...Англо-русский словарь компьютерных терминов
  25. education—n культура образование образованность просвещение...Англо-русский словарь Лингвистика-98
  26. education—education [edjken] nu образование просвещение обучение allround education разностороннее образование classical commercial art education классическое коммерческое художе...Англо-русский словарь Мюллера
  27. education—сущ. а образование обучение подготовка просвещение о человеке provide an education давать образование adult education broad education college education compulsory e...Англо-русский словарь общей лексики
  28. education—образование обучение software engineering education education for computers education of computer...Англо-русский словарь по компьютерам
  29. education—n .strong образование просвещение воспитание процесс целенаправленного развития способностей .strong образованность культура. strong образование просвещение воспитание ...Англо-русский словарь по социологии
  30. education—Обучение образование adult education belowcost education business education career education college education compulsory education elementary education engineering educa...Англо-русский словарь по экономике
  31. education—nобразование воспитаниеto abandon free higher education отказываться от бесплатного высшего образованияto get onesem education перен.u получать урок adult education adv...Англо-русский словарь политической терминологии
  32. education—n. образование просвещение обучение воспитание развитие образованность культура дрессировка...Англо-русский словарь редакция bed
  33. education—distributive educationАнглорусский строительный словарь. М. Русский Язык.С.Н.Корчемкина С.К.Кашкина С.В.Курбатова...Англо-русский словарь строительных терминов
  34. education—сущ.emstrong образование просвещение воспитание процесс целенаправленного развития способностей образованность культура. adult education[m] compulsory education[m] family...Англо-русский социологический словарь
  35. education—воспитание образование обучение развитие...Англо-русский технический словарь
  36. education—обучение образование см. тж. computing education courseware education on demand remote leaning SIGCSE...Англо-русский толковый словарь терминов и сокращений по ВТ, Интернету и программированию
  37. education—сущ. обр. образование обучение просвещениеlegal education юридическое образованиеmanagement education образование в области управленияcollege education обучение в вузе...Англо-русский экономический словарь
  38. education—воспитание обучение образование correctional education equal education judicial education legal education prison education vocational education...Англо-русский юридический словарь
  39. education—nвиховання освта навчанняelementary education початкова освтаfree education безплатна освтаhigher education вища освтаsecondary education середня освтаuniversal educa...Англо-украинский словарь
  40. education—виховання перевиховання освта education act education for citizenship education law Education Ministry education qualification...Англо-украинский юридический словарь
  41. education—n . освта навчання . виховання . освченсть культура allround всебчна широка освта compulsory обовязкове навчання elementary початкова освта free безкоштовне навча...Англо-український дипломатичний словник
  42. education—освченсть навчання просвтництво виховання...Англо-український словник
  43. education—nнавчання пдготовка safety education...Англо-український словник авіаційних термінів
  44. education—n освта навчання elementary початкова освта free безплатна освта trade професйне навчання higher виша освта secondary середня освта universal загальна освта allrou...Англо-український словник Балла М.І.
  45. education—Розвиток...Англо-український словник технічних термінів
  46. education—розвитокосвта виховання...Англо-український словник технічних термінів II
  47. education—виховання перевиховання освта education acteducation for citizenshipeducation lawEducation Ministryeducation qualification...Англо-український юридичний словник
  48. éducation—f воспитание maison dducation воспитательный домducation physique физкультураducation nationale народное просвещение образованиеducation professionnelle профессиональ...Большой французско-русский и русско-французский словарь
  49. éducation—f воспитание maison dducation воспитательный домducation physique физкультураducation nationale народное просвещение образованиеducation professionnelle профессиональ...Большой французско-русский и русско-французский словарь
  50. éducation—f воспитание maison dducation воспитательный домducation physique физкультураducation nationale народное просвещение образованиеducation professionnelle профессиональ...Большой французско-русский и русско-французский словарь
  51. éducation—f воспитание maison dducation воспитательный домducation physique физкультураducation nationale народное просвещение образованиеducation professionnelle профессиональ...Большой французско-русский и русско-французский словарь
  52. education—[edjken] n. образование просвещениеallround education разностороннее образованиеcompulsory education обязательное обучениеfree education бесплатное обучениеparty educ...Новый большой англо-русский словарь
  53. education—education [edjken] ni . образование просвещение allround разностороннее образование compulsory обязательное обучение free бесплатное обучение party партийное про...Новый большой англо-русский словарь II
  54. education—education [edjken] ni . образование просвещение allround разностороннее образование compulsory обязательное обучение free бесплатное обучение party партийное про...Новый большой англо-русский словарь II
  55. education—edjken n . образование просвещение allround разностороннее образование compulsory обязательное обучение free бесплатное обучение party партийное просвещение ...Новый большой англо-русский словарь под общим руководством акад. Ю.Д. Апресяна
  56. education—edjken n . образование просвещение allround разностороннее образование compulsory обязательное обучение free бесплатное обучение party партийное просвещение ...Новый большой англо-русский словарь под общим руководством акад. Ю.Д. Апресяна
  57. éducation—f воспитание maison dducation воспитательный дом ducation physique физкультура ducation nationale народное просвещение образование ducation professionnelle профессио...Новый французско-русский словарь
  58. éducation—f воспитание maison dducation воспитательный дом ducation physique физкультура ducation nationale народное просвещение образование ducation professionnelle профессио...Новый французско-русский словарь
  59. éducation—f воспитание maison dducation воспитательный дом ducation physique физкультура ducation nationale народное просвещение образование ducation professionnelle профессио...Новый французско-русский словарь
  60. education—Education is a gift that none can take away Знание лучше богатства Silver and gold tarnish away but a good education will never decay Знание лучше богатства...Русско-английский словарь пословиц и поговорок
  61. éducation—f ducation nutritionnelleducation sanitaireducation sexuelle...Французско-русский медицинский словарь
  62. éducation—f ducation nutritionnelleducation sanitaireducation sexuelle...Французско-русский медицинский словарь
  63. éducation—образование обучение...Французско-русский экономический словарь
  64. éducation—f воспитание ducation surveille...Французско-русский юридический словарь
  65. éducation—f воспитание ducation surveille...Французско-русский юридический словарь
  66. éducation—Виховання...Французько-український словник
  67. éducation—Виховання...Французько-український словник