Historical dictionary of Spanish cinema

HISTORY

History: translation

History on film can be either used in a visual way to display costumes and epic events for the sake of entertainment, or politically to reinforce a certain idea of the country. Spanish cinema has been prolific in both approaches, and at many stages has made history into a central concern.
Until 1936, the entertainment approach predominated. Films were set in the past for a degree of exoticism, seemingly without debate on the "rightness" of any particular representation. The preferred periods were theGolden Age, largely because so many illustrious literary texts could be adapted, and the early 19th century, because of the rich mythology of outlaws, traditional singers, andbullfightersthat remained associated with an essential "Spanishness" (this was a central period in the "españolada" type of film). Other than those, very few periods were actually represented, which to some extent can be related to the limited knowledge average audiences had of their own country's past. The years around the convoluted late 19th century (a period known as the Restoration, following the end of the First Republic in 1874) was attractive, and like the Golden Age, was brimming with literary classics (by Benito Pérez Galdós and Leopolgo Alas Clarín, for instance), but it was politically too complex to be articulated in a cinematic tradition with a strongly popular vocation.
It is only after theCivil Warthat the representation of history becomes blatantly political and certain periods and individuals become problematic. To begin with, the whole idea of Spain was deeply problematic, as the Spanish nation only consolidated in 1812 as a political unit. Given that the unity of Spain had been one of the ideological mainstays of the Franco regime, it was dangerous to venture in pre-19th century territory.Some films occasionally did, but then a particular version of history focusing on the essential Spanishness of the country was used to distort reality. The decades following the 1812 consolidation remained riddled with confusion and the clash of different factions: the First Republic and the Carlist wars were, for the Francoist authorities, better left unrepresented as they could easily be seen as attempts to break down the nation. When the Restoration period was featured, this was done sentimentally and strictly making use of the more spectacular aspects of the period, as in the phenomenally successfulPequeneces(Little Matters,Juan de Orduña, 1950), which also condemned the frivolity brought on by liberalization and laicism, and the equally popular¿Dónde vas, Alfonso XII?(Where Are You Going, Alphonso XII?Luis César Amadori, 1958), which shrewdly focused on the romance between King Alphonso XII and María de las Mercedes and avoided the more sensitive aspects of the period, presenting politics in a somewhat farcical way.
TheIndependence War(1808-14), however, became a favorite for patriotic filmmakers. Popular legend distorted and simplified this event, claiming that the Spanish people expelled the French invading army. Reinforcing this legend was no doubt useful for the Franco regime, as it was a way of strengthening an idea of Spain untouched by nationalist claims from regions such asCataloniaand theBasquecountry, and several films of Francoism use this historical event to suggest a certain epic Spanish identity. They were often associated tofolkloric musicals, as inLola la Piconera(Lola the Coalgirl,Luis Lucia, 1952).
The Age of Empire (roughly the 16th century), particularly the events surrounding the Columbus expedition, was conveniently simplified to reinforce national pride, as inAlba de América(Dawn of America, Juan de Orduña, 1951). Given so many difficult areas, Francoist authorities preferred the more spectacular uses of history to be found inCIFESAhistorical epics.
As the regime chose to play down reactionary ideologies in order to present a more liberal face to other countries, history became less problematic, and it does not seem to have been an issue for most of the 1960s. It was up to filmmakers, who maintained a critical stance, to gesture toward the past as the diffuse, unspecific source of a general state of melancholy, as inNueve cartas a Berta(Nine Letters to Berta,Basilio Martín Patino, 1967) andEl espíritu de la colmena(The Spirit of the Beehive,Víctor Erice, 1973), or tension between friends, as inLa caza(The Hunt, Carlos Saura, 1965).
After the end of Francoism, more explicit treatments of history, however, become obsessively central in Spanish cinema. The preferred period was now the early post-Civil War years, but also the Civil War itself. Filmmakers and audiences saw representations of the misery, political upheavals, and betrayals suffered by Spaniards at the time as a way of settling scores, and there was a strong need to represent what had until then been forbidden. There was also an interest in the spectacular aspects of the past, but the political approach predominated for almost two decades.
It was only around 1992 that history seemed to become less crucial. In 1990, ¡Ay Carmela! (Carlos Saura, 1990) still presented the past politically, but two years later, a film likeEl rey pasmado(TheBaffled King,Imanol Uribe, 1991) offered a farcical version of the Golden Age in which it is hard to make out relevant references to Francoism. Depolitization continued through the decade. Younger filmmakers likeAlejandro AmenábarandAlex de la Iglesiawere notoriously uninterested in engaging with history, and so wasPedro Almodovar: their films are either genre films in which period is irrelevant or simply set in the present. In some films of the decade, likeEl amor perjudica seriamente la salud(Love Can Seriously Damage Your Health,Manuel Gómez Pereira, 1995), set in Francoism, the political edge is blurred. The trend continues strong through the 1990s, and in recent films likeAlatriste(Agustín Díaz Yanes, 2006) andTeresa el cuerpo de Cristo(Teresa, the Body of Christ, Ray Loriga, 2007), history is prominent but harder to read in contemporary terms.

  1. history—мед.сущ. история болезни анамнезный история Англорусский медицинский словарь....Англо-русский медицинский словарь
  2. history—предыстория...Англо-русский металлургический словарь
  3. history—история изменение во времени динамика процесса natural history естественная динамика напр. инфекционного процессаem мед. анамнез Витэ transfusion history трансфузи...Англо-русский словарь по иммунологии
  4. history—предыстория хронология хронологический архив данных статистика статистические данные протокол...Англо-русский словарь по машиностроению
  5. history—история...Англо-русский физический словарь
  6. history—history translation noun strong the past esp. as a subject of studyADJECTIVE contemporary early recent the early historyu of the trade union movement things that hap...Collocations dictionary
  7. history—history translationSee GO DOWN IN HISTORY or GO DOWN IN THE RECORDS....Dictionary of American idioms
  8. history—history translationSee GO DOWN IN HISTORY or GO DOWN IN THE RECORDS....Dictionary of American idioms
  9. history—history translation history UKu USu hstsupri nounu [Cu usually singularu] a record of past events relating to a particular person or company This is the th consecutive ...Financial and business terms
  10. history—History translation History on film can be either used in a visual way to display costumes and epic events for the sake of entertainment or politically to reinforce a cer...Guide to cinema
  11. history—HISTORY translation The new state of Israel came into being on May with the termination of the British mandate but its creation was preceded by more than years of effo...Historical Dictionary of Israel
  12. history—History translationWhile without a doubt early peoples fashioned and decorated clothing out of animal skins and later cloth we know very little about what actually drove ...Historical Dictionary of the fashion industry
  13. history—history translationSynonyms and related wordsClio Muse of history account adventures ancient history annals antiquity autobiography background biographical sketch biograp...Moby Thesaurus
  14. history—[hstr]история историческая наукаисторические событиясобытия прошлогорассказ история...Англо-русский большой универсальный переводческий словарь
  15. history—history of geology история геологии depositional history история осадконакопления diastrophic history история диастрофизма earth history история земли plutonic history ис...Англо-русский геологический словарь
  16. history—история Британской империи...Англо-русский дипломатический словарь
  17. history—история историческая наука прошлое история make history сделать чтолибо запоминающееся повлиять на ход истории...Англо-русский дополнительный словарь
  18. history—статистические данные предыстория напр. станков определнного вида архив данных breakage history calibration history part history time history tool life history usage ...Англо-русский машиностроительный словарь
  19. history—история предыстория характер протекания процесса channel with past history канал с предысторией history of a system предыстория системы history of formula history of...Англо-русский научно-технический словарь
  20. history—transcription транскрипция [ hstr ]history n infml Shes just history. Were through Она уже пройденный этап. Мы с ней завязали Dont make a move! If this goes off youre his...Англо-русский новый словарь современного неформального английского языка
  21. history—история...Англо-русский онлайн словарь
  22. history—история...Англо-русский онлайн словарь
  23. history—life history natural history...Англо-русский словарь биологических терминов
  24. history—предыстория напр. состояний системы фон экспериментального исследования архив данных...Англо-русский словарь компьютерных терминов
  25. history—History история...Англо-русский словарь компьютерных терминов II
  26. history—n история...Англо-русский словарь Лингвистика-98
  27. history—history [hstr] nu прошлое история the inner history of smth. подоплка чегол.thats ancient history! это старая история! это дело прошлое! история историческая наукаmode...Англо-русский словарь Мюллера
  28. history—историяcomposition history of production процесс изменения состава добываемой жидкости case history depositional history performance history pressure history product...Англо-русский словарь нефтегазовой промышленности
  29. history—сущ. история историческая наука to make history создавать делать историю to trace the history of smth. прослеживать историю чегол. to distort history искажать историю...Англо-русский словарь общей лексики
  30. history—flight history sound level history time history...Англо-русский словарь по гражданской авиации
  31. history—история...Англо-русский словарь по компьютерам
  32. history—история предыстория архив access history events history...Англо-русский словарь по компьютерной безопасности
  33. history—статистические данные предыстория напр. станков определнного вида архив данных breakage history calibration history part history time history tool life history u...Англо-русский словарь по машиностроению и автоматизации производства
  34. history—file history history of art patent history...Англо-русский словарь по патентам и товарным знакам
  35. history—printing history...Англо-русский словарь по полиграфии
  36. history—n .strong история прошлое .strong письменные документы прошлого .strong дисциплина изучающая прошлое. strong история прошлое strong письменные документы прошлого stro...Англо-русский словарь по социологии
  37. history—strong историяstrong изменение во времени досье данные agrarian history case history credit history economic history financial history life history lifetime residence his...Англо-русский словарь по экономике
  38. history—nистория историческая наукаto alter the course of history менять ход историиto become history входить в историюto be judged well by history оставлять позитивный след в...Англо-русский словарь политической терминологии
  39. history—n. история прошлое историческая наука историческая пьеса...Англо-русский словарь редакция bed
  40. history—история изменение во времени динамика [характер протекания] процесса environmental history loading history temperature historystrongАнглорусский строительный словарь. М....Англо-русский словарь строительных терминов
  41. history—сущ.emstrong история прошлое письменные документы прошлого дисциплина изучающая прошлое. oral history[m]...Англо-русский социологический словарь
  42. history—история предыстория case history history of a system past history previous history time historypast history of a system предыстория системы...Англо-русский технический словарь
  43. history—история предыстория запись действий пользователя или системы см. тж. log...Англо-русский толковый словарь терминов и сокращений по ВТ, Интернету и программированию
  44. history—сущ. общ. историяа процесс развития какогол. объекта б изучение этого процесса economic history financial history agrarian history agricultural history political history ...Англо-русский экономический словарь
  45. history—история прошлое совокупность имеющихся фактов history of criminality history of delinquency case history criminal history employment history file history legal history le...Англо-русский юридический словарь
  46. history—n сторя заст. сторична пса...Англо-украинский словарь
  47. history—сторя сукупнсть наявних фактв history of crime history of criminality history of delinquency history of jurisprudence history of law...Англо-украинский юридический словарь
  48. history—n сторя сторична наука ancient древня сторя mediaeval сторя Середнх вкв modern нова та новтня сторя universal всесвтня сторя...Англо-український дипломатичний словник
  49. history—минуле минувшину минувшина сторя...Англо-український словник
  50. history—nподя змна в час характер проткання flight history sound level history time history...Англо-український словник авіаційних термінів
  51. history—n сторя сторична наука the of the theatre сторя театру its a matter of це сторичний факт to become увйти в сторю курс стор lectures on лекц з стор минуле сторя lif...Англо-український словник Балла М.І.
  52. history—Попередня сторя напр. стану системи...Англо-український словник технічних термінів
  53. history—попередня сторя напр. стану системиархв сторя...Англо-український словник технічних термінів II
  54. history—сторя сукупнсть наявних фактв history of crimehistory of criminalityhistory of delinquencyhistory of jurisprudencehistory of law...Англо-український юридичний словник
  55. history—n infml Shes just history. Were through Она уже пройденный этап. Мы с ней завязали Dont make a move! If this goes off youre history Не шевелись. Если это ружье выстрели...Новый англо-русский словарь современной разговорной лексики
  56. history—[hstr] n. история последовательность событий прошлоеto make history делать творить историюhistory repeats itself история повторяетсяthe history of the case история это...Новый большой англо-русский словарь
  57. history—history [hstr] ni . история последовательность событийi прошлое to make делать творить историю repeats itself история повторяется the of the case история этого дела...Новый большой англо-русский словарь II
  58. history—hstr n . история последовательность событийem прошлое to make делать творить историю repeats itself история повторяется the of the case история этого дела a wom...Новый большой англо-русский словарь под общим руководством акад. Ю.Д. Апресяна
  59. history—History repeats itself История повторяется И Ничто не ново под луной H...Русско-английский словарь пословиц и поговорок