OTHER WORLDS

Other Worlds: translation

Many shamaniccosmologiesposit the existence of lands, realms, or dimensions accessible to shamans afterinitiationand training. These are rarely if ever equivalent to the transcendent realms posited by monotheistic religions (e.g., heaven and hell). They are perhaps best understood as alternative lands, access to which is made by unusual means (for ordinary humans): descent into anunderworld, ascent into anupper world, or nonphysicaljourneysover vast distances. Many of these other worlds are the primary home of significantother-than-human persons, orspirits. Where these include the beings who controlanimals, birds, or fish in this world, shamans may be responsible (asresource managers) formediationto ensure that hunters or fishers encounter sufficient prey to meet the needs of their community. Where the otherworld persons control diseases or are “spirits ofillness,” shamans’ roles may include seeking powerful aid inhealingor mediation to divert the negative attention ofpredatorybeings. Some other worlds are the eventual destination of the dead, in which case shamans are unique in being able to journey there before their deaths and—the important bit—return again. That this is always a dangerous pursuit is illustrated by the need for initiation and the aid of powerfulhelpers. When shamans form intimate relationships with otherworld persons, it can affect their social standing and role, and even theirgender.