HEINRICH VON MELK

(late 12th century)

This religious author who wrote in Middle High German composed two verse narratives,Von des todes gehugde(On the remembrance of death) andPriesterleben(On the life of priests).He identifies himself in the epilogue to the former as “Häinrîchen, dînen armen chnecht” (Henry, God’s lowly servant, v. 1031), and he also begs God for the salvation of Abbot Erkenfried (Erchennenfride) of Melk in Upper Austria, who governed from 1122 to 1163 (v. 1033). Heinrich characterizes himself as a lay person, aconversuswho had not taken the vows to join the convent as a monk and was associated with the monastery of Melk only indirectly.

Both of Heinrich’s texts are preserved in the Vienna miscellany manuscript cod.2696,Von des todes gehugdewithout any text loss (1,042 verses), butPriesterlebenonly in fragmentary form (746 verses, probably a loss of 1,900 verses). In the first poem Heinrich addresses a lay audience and reminds them of their imminent death, admonishing them to change their lives now to meet God’s demands and to save their souls. His religious appeals address people of all social classes, but above all, he is concerned with the clerics who have failed in paying attention to God’s words. According to Heinrich bishops tend to assign church offices and parishes to the highest bidder (a sin calledsimony); priests, when preaching, would attack only the poor and spare the rich; and all of them would lead an almost secular lifestyle.Moreover Heinrich criticizes knights for their blood feuds, he attacks ladies and their lovers for their decadence and arrogance, and finally, he laments the loss of all virtues and values at his time, especially since money and material wealth dominate the world. The second part ofVon des todes gehugdeconsists of a gloomy lament about the temporality of human life and the worthlessness of external, secular glories (a theme calledmemento mori). In hisPriesterleben, Heinrich intensifies his attacks on the ethical and moral decay of the clergy, and emphasizes, for instance, their disregard of celibacy. His criticism also targets those women who become priests’ concubines. Insofar as Heinrich refers to the common practice of COURTLY LOVE songs that did not emerge until after 1163, Abbot Erkenfried could not have been the poet’s patron. Both Heinrich’s poetic language and the content suggest that he wrote his poems in the 1170s or 1180s.

■ Egert, Eugene. “Notes on Heinrich von Melk’sPriesterleben,”Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik19 (1983): 147–157.

■ Gentry, Francis G., ed.A Companion to Middle High German Literature to the 14th Century. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill, 2003.

■ Heinrich von Melk.Von des Todes gehugde.Mahnrede über den Tod.Mittelhochdeutsch/Neuhochdeutsch. Edited and translated by Thomas Bein and Susanne Kramarz. Stuttgart, Germany: Reclam, 1994.

■ Maurer, Friedrich, ed.Die religiösen Dichtungen des 11.und 12.Jahrhunderts.Nach ihren Formen besprochen. Vol. 3. Tübingen, Germany: Niemeyer, 1970.

■ Mitchell, Earl Douglas.Heinrich von Melk: A Diplomatic Edition.A Translation, and a Commentary. Ph.D. diss., University of Texas at Austin, 1967, 1969.