MACKAYE, STEELE

(1842-1894)

James Morrison Steele MacKaye was born in Buffalo, New York, son of a lawyer and art fancier who sent his son to Paris to study art. MacKaye returned to join the Union army during theCivilWar and rose to the rank of major before illness ended his service. After recovering, MacKaye returned to Paris and in 1869 studied expression with François Delsarte. Returning to the United States, MacKaye lectured on Delsarte's theories and opened a school in New York in 1871 to teach Delsarte's techniques. MacKaye launched himself as an actor and playwright withMon-aldi(1872), coauthored by Francis Durivage, but it failed to find an audience. He played Hamlet in London's Crystal Palace in 1873, then scored New York successes with two plays,Rose Michel(1875) andWon at Last(1877).

MacKaye assumed management of the Fifth Avenue Theatre and refurbished it with a lighting system designed by Thomas A.Edison and other state-of-the-art equipment, including an innovative elevator stage that permitted fast scene shifts. Renamed theMadison Square Theatre, MacKaye opened it with his hit playHazel Kirke(1880), which achieved the longest run of a nonMUSicAL work in the history of the American theatre to that time. Management problems led to his loss of the theatre, so MacKaye designed another theatre, in which he planned to include a hotel, but it was never built. In 1885, MacKaye designed the Lyceum Theatre, which again incorporated technical innovations and a space for a drama school. Among MacKaye's later plays,Paul Kauvar;or, Anarchy(1887), a French Revolutionmelodrama, won favor, as didThe Drama of Civilization(1887). MacKaye also designed a Spectatorium for the 1893 Chicago World's Fair in which he planned to presentThe World Finder, apageantof Columbus's life, but the elaborate plan had to be scaled back due to a national economic downturn. He was the father ofPercy MacKaye.