SCHNITZLER, ARTHUR

(1862–1931)

The author ofTRAUMNOVELLE(“Dream Novel,” 1926), which was the basis for STANLEY KUBRICK’s last film,EYES WIDE SHUT(1999), was born, lived, and died in his beloved Vienna. He was the son of a famous Jewish throat specialist who was also the founder of a leading medical journal of the day. Arthur followed in the profession and received his medical degree at the University of Vienna in 1885 with a thesis on the hypnotic treatment of neurosis. Like SIGMUND FREUD, he was deeply interested in the subconscious, which played a major role in many of his plays and novels. The playsAnatol(1893) andReigen(1896–1903) for example, and novels likeLieutenant Gustl(1901) andTraumnovelledissect the erotic sexual encounters and dysfunctional relationships among their characters, probing their psychological roots and proving there is an enormous difference between desire and love.His Viennese were men and women of wealth and leisure, bent on indulging the pleasures of the moment. Their lives outwardly seemed graceful and charming, but ultimately they were only empty and doomed. Schnitzler’s seeming preoccupation with sexual themes, despite his dispassionate and cynical tone ran him afoul of conservative critics of the day—Reigenwas confiscated and banned in Germany, resulting in several public court proceedings, and it was not premiered in Vienna until 1921—but his stature as a serious artist has long since been vindicated. As Oscar G. Brockett and Robert R. Findlay note in their estimable (1973 study of modern theater,A Century of Innovation,Schnitzler “was a keen observer of surface detail and sensitive to subtle nuance, but he lacked the doctrinaire naturalist’s naïve belief that science can correct society’s ills. ” Historians Block and Shedd praise him as an artist of “courage and fortitude” and place him alongside his contemporaries August Strindberg, Gerhardt Hauptmann, and Frank Wedekind:“A master of psychological realism, he possessed a limited but sure talent that enabled him to probe sensitively and deftly, like a skillful physician, into the innermost recesses and cleavages of modern life. ” His works were banned by the Nazis during World War II, and only recently have been enjoying a revival.

In addition toEyes Wide Shut,other screen adaptations of Schnitzler’s works include Cecil B. DeMille’sThe Affairs of Anatol(1921), in which Wallace Reid appears as “Anatol DeWitt Spencer,” a Park Avenue socialite whose philandering jeopardizes his marriage to Vivian (Gloria Swanson); Max Ophuls’s classicLa Ronde(1950), which in setting, tone, and theme, is close to Schnitzler’s original; and Roger Vadim’sThe Circle of Love(1964), a tepid remake of the Ophuls film.

■ Block, Haskell M. , and Robert G. Shedd, eds. ,Masters of Modern Drama(New York: Random House, 1962);

■ Brockett, Oscar G. , and Robert R. Findlay,A Century of Innovation(Englewood Cliffs,N. J. : Prentice-Hall, 1973).