SIDNEY, SIR PHILIP

Sir Philip Sidney was widely eulogized by his contemporaries for his prowess as author, courtier, diplomat, political theorist, religious reformer, and soldier. Well connected from his birth in Kent, England, Sidney was the son of Sir Henry Sidney, advisor to Edward VI and lord deputy governor of Ireland during Elizabeth I's* reign, and Mary Dudley Sidney, whose relations included Lady Jane Grey*; Robert Dudley, earl of Leicester; Ambrose Dudley, earl of War­wick; and Henry Hastings, earl of Huntingdon. King Philip* of Spain, husband of Mary I,* was Sidney's godfather and namesake. Among Sidney's six siblings were Mary Sidney* Herbert, countess of Pembroke, and Robert Sidney, Vis­count L'Isle and earl of Leicester. Upon his marriage to Frances Walsingham in 1583, Sidney became son-in-law to Sir Francis Walsingham. The union pro­duced one daughter, Elizabeth (1585-1612).

Sidney was educated at Shrewsbury School and at Christ Church, Oxford, before beginning his apprenticeship as courtier and diplomat with sojourns on the Continent and at Elizabeth I's court. In 1572 Sidney traveled first to France, where King Charles IX made him "gentleman of the bedchamber" and Baron de Sidenay; soon after, he witnessed and escaped the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre of thousands of Huguenots in Paris. He remained in Europe until 1575, when he returned to Elizabeth's court. In 1577 Elizabeth named Sidney her ambassador to Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II*; Sidney was also tasked with visiting the Protestant princes of northern Europe to investigate the possibility of a Protestant alliance against Spain and Rome. Sidney then returned to Eliz­abeth's court, although he withdrew in 1579 to the Wilton estate of the countess of Pembroke after voicing his opposition to the queen's proposed marriage to the duke of Alencon.

Sidney is thought to have produced the bulk of his literary work during this period and in the next few years. His compositions include the various versions of theArcadia: The Old Arcadia(1579-80?), a prose pastoral narrative of five books interspersed with poetic interludes, circulated in manuscript and then for­gotten until the early twentieth century, when it was recovered and printed;The New Arcadia(1582-84?), the first three books revised into heroic epic; andThe Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia(1593), a hybrid version created by Mary Sid­ney Herbert and published after Sidney's death.Sidney also wrote a defense of English prose and poetry, various poems and entertainments, and three political treatises. Over a hundred of his letters survive. He began translations of the Psalms, completed by Mary Sidney Herbert, and of a discourse against atheism by Philippe Du Plessis-Mornay,* completed by Arthur Golding; he also created English versions of Aristotle'sRhetoricand Guillaume Du Bartas's* epic cre­ation poem. The publication in 1591 of one of his sonnet sequences,Astrophel and Stella, started a trend that inspired Samuel Daniel,* John Donne,* William Shakespeare,* Edmund Spenser,* Mary Wroth,* and many others to write son­net sequences in English.

As courtier, Sidney served as a member of Parliament for Ludlow in 1581. Warwick asked to have Sidney join him as master of the ordnance in 1583; Elizabeth granted this petition in 1585 and asked Sidney to entertain various visiting foreign dignitaries throughout the early 1580s. During these years Sid­ney also followed England's exploration of newfound territories with interest and attempted to join Sir Francis Drake's expedition to the West Indies and America in 1585, but Elizabeth thwarted Sidney's efforts.

Sidney supported efforts to reform religion along Calvinist lines both in En­gland and on the Continent. In 1583 he was knighted so that he could serve as proxy for the installation as knight of the Garter of John Casmir, count palatine; Elizabeth proffered titles for both rather than offering financial or military sup­port for the Protestant cause in the Netherlands. In 1585 Elizabeth sent Leicester as general over English forces in the Netherlands; she also named Sidney gov­ernor of Flushing. Leicester appointed Sidney colonel of a Zeeland regiment in 1586. At the Battle of Zutphen in 1586, Sidney was wounded by musket fire and died shortly thereafter.

K. Duncan-Jones, Sir Philip Sidney: Courtier Poet, 1991.

B. Worden, The Sound of Virtue: Philip Sidney's "Arcadia" and Elizabethan Politics, 1996.