HOLINSHED, RAPHAEL

An English chronicler and historian, Raphael Holinshed was the principal editor of Elizabethan England s most important domestic history. Holinshed s early years cannot be reconstructed with any certainty, but he probably was educated at Cambridge in the mid-1540s. By the early Elizabethan period he was associated with Reginald Wolfe, a printer who was compiling a universal history and cosmography—an unrealistically ambitious project later abandoned in favor of a more restricted enterprise, a descriptive history of England, Scot­land, and Ireland from the earliest times to the present day.

The result of this venture was published in 1577 asThe Chronicles of England, Scotlande, and Irelande(the full title is considerably longer, and scholars often call it simply "Holinshed'sChronicles").Though not the first attempt to chronicle the history of the British Isles, Holinshed s project was the most ex­tensive, detailed, and systematic of its genre. Holinshed sChroniclescertainly falls short of modern historical standards, but it was in many respects a re­markably documented and often self-critical enterprise for its age. A massive two-volume folio containing over three million words, copiously illustrated and indexed, theChroniclesbecame the principal source of English, Scottish, and Irish history and legend to generations of readers, including William Shake­speare* and other early modern dramatists.

Though theChronicleshas come to be associated with Holinshed as if he "wrote" it, it was in fact the work of many contributors and editors working over a period of about two decades. An expanded and updated three-volume edition appeared in 1587-88, almost a decade after Holinshed s death. It is this edition that Shakespeare used as a source for his plays. Like the first edition, this one provoked considerable controversy and was several times found objec­tionable by the Privy Council or powerful aristocrats and clergymen disturbed by theChroniclesreporting of politically and culturally sensitive topics. It is some measure of theChronicles'importance as a de facto "official history" of the British Isles that most of these conflicts concerned nearly contemporary events or matters of English policy in Ireland and Scotland.

Holinshed sChronicleshas long attracted scholarly attention because Shake­speare used it as a source, albeit with many modifications, for no fewer than thirteen of his plays, most notably his English histories. In recent years, however, scholars have begun to look at theChronicleson its own terms, finding in it a complex, significant, and influential Elizabethan document that can be analyzed independently of its value as a source for other creative artists.

W. G. Boswell-Stone, Shakespeare's Holinshed, 1896.

A. Patterson, Reading Holinshed's "Chronicles," 1994.