PANAETIUS OF RHODES

(185–109 BC)

Panaetius was head of the Stoa from 129 BC until his death. He was a companion of the general Scipio Aemilianus and accompanied him to the east. His views were mainly ethical, diluting Stoicism with enough Aristotelianism to make it suitable for the Roman world in which he moved: as well as the stoical virtues of fortitude and justice we should aim for some of the more magnificent traits appropriate to the great-souled man . Panaetius also held the modern-sounding view that there are severalpersonaeor characters that we should each develop, and that different ethical rules go with our different roles. His work was an influence on Cicero.