KLEIBER, ERICH

(1890-1956)

conductor; led Berlin's*Staatsoperduring 1923-1934. Born to a language teacher in Vienna, he was orphaned at age seven and raised first by his maternal grandparents in Prague and then by an aunt in Vienna. It was by way of performances of the Mahler-directed Court Opera (Hofoper) that he formed his love for music.* In 1908 he went to Prague, ostensibly to study philosophy and art history; in fact, he attended the music conservatory. In 1911 he won a prize for a symphonic poem and was appointedAssistentat Prague s German Theater. Lured to Darmstadt in 1912, he remained as third conductor for seven years. Further appointments, as first conductor, took him to several German cities.Soon after his Berlin debut in August 1923, he became music director of the famedStaatsoperon Unter den Linden.

With a fanatical dedication to precision, Kleiber studied scores assiduously and rehearsed tirelessly; he premiered Alban Berg sWozzeckin 1925 after 137 rehearsals. Although he was fond of promoting avant-garde composers (Wozzeckintroduced modern opera to Berlin), he was most famous as the conductor of Beethoven, Mozart, Verdi, and Richard Strauss.* Nonsentimental, he refused to indulge romantic interpretation. Despite his strict demands, his vocal and in-strumental musicians were devoted to him. The critic Walter Schrenk was rep-resentative when he wrote, "What a valuable possession we have in Erich Kleiber. In view of the ignorant and incompetent attacks to which he has been subjected, it must be stressed once again that since the time of Gustav Mahler only a very few German opera conductors have emerged with anything ap-proaching Kleiber s creative power (Russell). Worldwide recognition brought tours of Europe, the United States, and Latin America. In addition to the opera, he regularly conducted Berlin sStaatskapelle(State Choir).

Unwilling to compromise with the NSDAP, he resigned in December 1934 when the Nazis denounced Berg'sLulu; he had just conducted the premiere of the opera s suite. A nomadic period—including stints in Prague, London, Salz-burg, Paris, Amsterdam, and Brussels but, revealingly, not Vienna—consumed his next few years. Attracted to Latin America—he already had a home in Buenos Aires—he renounced his Austrian nationality in 1938, became an Ar-gentine citizen, and directed Argentina'sDeutsche Oper am Teatro Colonfrom 1939 to 1949. He spent his last years in Europe.