Historical Dictionary of the Russian Federation

GENDER

Gender: translation

In the Soviet Union, gender identity was based on ideological paradigms and was projected on Soviet citizens through a system of social and cultural codes that were reinforced byeducation,media,literature,art, andfilm. While the early Bolshevik reforms promised gender equality and the emancipation of Soviet citizens (particularlywomen), conservative views on gender roles, family, andsexualitybecame embedded underJoseph Stalin. Conflation of these competing principles produced gendered asymmetries, resulting in the imperative to place the common goals and fulfilling state expectations before personal considerations. The state propagated the cult of masculinity that signified progress, (military) power,industry, and technology, eventually causing a masculinization of Soviet society. Women—when they were valorized—were represented in their roles as revolutionaries, shock workers, pilots, and, eventually, astronauts. The Soviet state dictated the form and extent of women’s rights, continuously deferring a solution to the “woman’s question.” The post-Soviet Russian general public has been actively involved in rethinking and reconceptualizing gender identities.A number of political, social, and cultural changes have generated the need for popular reconsideration. One of these causes was the collapse of Soviet ideology that had regulated the construction of gender identities and the subsequent withdrawal of the state from the private sphere. The import of Western consumer products that had been unavailable in the Soviet Union (including feminine personal care products) and the associated advertising, as well as the import of Western cultural products (especially intelevisionand films), have resulted in a new set of gender relations. The emergence ofRunet, anInternet-enabled space that facilitates anonymous—and ultimately—safe articulation of new gender identities, has also been a catalyst for change. In the 1990s, a crisis of masculinity occurred in Russia, resulting from a number of factors: the mass emigration of women into countries with stronger economies; the trafficking of women into the global sex trade; declining fertility rates associated with poor health,alcoholism, and other social problems; and massiveunemploymentand poverty, which negatively impacted the ability of young men to establish and provide for families. This feeling coincided with Russian state failures in traditionally male arenas such as internationalpolitics, theeconomy, and military readiness. These failures were reinforced by a number of phenomena, including PresidentBorisYeltsin’s alcoholism and ill health, the 1998ruble crisis, and Russia’s poor performance in the firstChechen War.
In the new millennium, Russian masculinity was thoroughly reinvented, and a new, more forceful, stable, and virile male identity was established in mass media and popular culture. Since taking national office in 1999,Vladimir Putin, a teetotaler, has actively sought to present himself as a new male role model, appearing in settings and poses that enhance his macho image and physical prowess, including being photographed or filmed while hunting, exercising, engaging in martial arts, and fishing. In artistic film, a ruthless and socially disconnected Mafiosi hero of the 1990s has been replaced by a conscientious professional male, whereas in popular film productions, a type of Hollywood-inspired warrior/ protector has prevailed.
The post-Soviet Russian woman has been reimagined as a dominant consumer. If in the 1990s, in the absence of men, women were focused on the preservation of family and life itself, figuring in many roles, including that of the provider and protector, at the start of the new century Russian women affirmed their role through conspicuous consumption that symbolizes their new domain. As more women become entrepreneurs, bankers, and lawyers, while maintaining their near-monopoly position in education andhealth care, they have projected their new, more independent status through acquiring and enjoying expensive commodities and pastimes. A Russian woman simultaneously detests and adoresglamourbecause it signifies her traditional feminine and new commanding roles.
Despite the new liberating process, the generational and geographical gap remains. While in Russian cities women attest their rights through militant consumerism, andhomosexualcommunities create their own alternative identities, in the Russian provinces, women appear fully subjugated to men. Older women display characteristics of stereotypical Soviet citizens, who were solely focused on daily hardships and enduring loveless marriages to generally worthless male partners.
See alsoFeminism.

  1. gender—мед.сущ. пол Англорусский медицинский словарь....Англо-русский медицинский словарь
  2. gender—см.u sex Пол совокупность признаков определяющих функционирование особей по типу женских и мужских что связано у эукариот с выработкой гамет макрогамет яйцеклеток у с...Англо-русский толковый словарь генетических терминов
  3. gender—gender translation nounADJECTIVE female male same opposite GENDER NOUN relations differences divisions gap She examines the interplay between changing genderu ...Collocations dictionary
  4. gender—gender translationa grammatical property of a genusgroup name masculine feminine or neuter that affects the way in which Latin or latinised adjectival or participial spec...Dictionary of ichthyology
  5. gender—gender translation genderstrong gender [dend r] noun [countable uncountable] HUMAN RESOURCES the fact of being male or female Discrimination on the grounds of sex rac...Financial and business terms
  6. gender—Gender translation In particular local cultures the question of gender may be a significant determinant of shamanic ability acceptability and authority. However it is rar...Historical dictionary of shamanism
  7. gender—gender translationThe distinction between sex and gender is attributed to the anthropologist Margaret Mead Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societiesem . Sex is the...Philosophy dictionary
  8. gender—[end]родполпорождать...Англо-русский большой универсальный переводческий словарь
  9. gender—пол синоним секс порождать...Англо-русский дополнительный словарь
  10. gender—род...Англо-русский онлайн словарь
  11. gender—род...Англо-русский онлайн словарь
  12. gender—пол половая идентичность...Англо-русский офтальмологический словарь
  13. gender—пол...Англо-русский словарь биологических терминов
  14. gender—n род...Англо-русский словарь Лингвистика-98
  15. gender—gender [dend] . nu грам.u род разг.u пол . vu поэт.u порождать...Англо-русский словарь Мюллера
  16. gender—. сущ. лингв. род feminine gender женский род neuter gender средний род grammatical gender грамматический род masculine gender мужской род шутл. пол Syn sex . гл. п...Англо-русский словарь общей лексики
  17. gender—n .strong род пол .strong род гендер совокупность социально приобретенных особенностей поведения мужчин и женщин поведенческие тенденции мужчин и женщинобусловленные их р...Англо-русский словарь по социологии
  18. gender—n. род [грам.] пол...Англо-русский словарь редакция bed
  19. gender—сущ.emstrong род пол род гендер совокупность социально приобретенных особенностей поведения мужчин и женщин поведенческие тенденции мужчин и женщин обусловленные их родов...Англо-русский социологический словарь
  20. gender—генд.u гендер гендерный половый обладающий разницей в зависимости от полаОбраз белорусской бабушкихакера не вписывается ни в один из критериев ни возрастной ни гендерный....Англо-русский универсальный дополнительный практический словарь И. Мостицкого
  21. gender—сущ. лингв. родfeminine [neuter grammatical\] женский [средний грамматический\] родWhat is the gender of this noun Какого рода это существительное соц. гендер пол совок...Англо-русский экономический словарь
  22. gender—.strong n грам. рд жарт. стать.strong v породжувати...Англо-украинский словарь
  23. gender—стать рд genderbased violence gender development index gender discrimination genderneutrality genderspecific claim...Англо-украинский юридический словарь
  24. gender—полом пол долвку долвка лан пл рд...Англо-український словник
  25. gender—. n грам. рд masculine feminine neutral чоловчий жночий середнй рд жарт. стать сорт вид . v поет. породжувати....Англо-український словник Балла М.І.
  26. gender—стать рд genderbased violencegender development indexgender discriminationgenderneutralitygenderspecific claim...Англо-український юридичний словник
  27. gender—gender.См. полi.Источник Англорусский толковый словарь генетических терминов. Арефьев В.А. Лисовенко Л.А. Москва Издво ВНИРО г....Молекулярная биология и генетика. Толковый словарь
  28. gender—gender. sexi cмi.Источник Англорусский толковый словарь генетических терминов. Арефьев В.А. Лисовенко Л.А. Москва Издво ВНИРО г....Молекулярная биология и генетика. Толковый словарь
  29. gender—.strong [dend] n. грам. родmasculine [feminine neuter grammatical] gender мужской [женский средний грамматический] родnatural gender естественный род род соответствующи...Новый большой англо-русский словарь
  30. gender—gender . [dend] ni . грам. iрод masculine [feminine neuter grammatical] мужской [женский средний грамматический] род natural естественный род род соответствующий полу...Новый большой англо-русский словарь II
  31. gender—.strong dend n . грам. emрод masculine feminine neuter grammatical мужской женский средний грамматический род natural естественный род род соответствующий полу wha...Новый большой англо-русский словарь под общим руководством акад. Ю.Д. Апресяна
  32. gender—См. gnere....Пятиязычный словарь лингвистических терминов
  33. gender—гендер...Термины гендерных исследований