Historical Dictionary of the Russian Federation

ESPIONAGE

Espionage: translation

During the Soviet era, the Kremlin developed a global espionage network, using agents of theKGB, the military’s secret service apparatus, andCommunistsympathizers in Third World countries. The main target of such activities was theUnited States, but otherNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO) members, particularlyGreat Britainand WestGermany, were also targeted, as well as neighboring countries such asTurkeyandJapan. During the 1980s, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) began to develop spy rings that were disconnected from the embassy system and which used corporate rather than diplomatic covers; these individuals are referred to as “NOCs” (nonofficial cover).Aeroflot,Gazprom, andLukoil—among other Russian firms—have been implicated in such activities. While the transition to democracy reduced the need for a large internal security force, the Russian Federation maintained much of the USSR’s foreign espionage network through its military wing, the Main Intelligence Directorate or GRU, and theFSB.
During the post-Soviet period, a number of Americans have been convicted of spying for Moscow, including Aldrich Ames in 1994 and Robert Hanssen in 2001.After a relative decrease in activity in the lateYeltsinadministration,Vladimir Putin, a former foreign intelligence operative, beefed up the FSB’s Foreign Intelligence Service (known as the SVR, orSluzhba vneshnei razvedki). While the focus of espionage has shifted toward industrial espionage (particularly in the computer and software sector and dual-use technologies like lasers), military readiness is still an area of intense interest. In 2009, two Russian diplomats were ejected from NATO headquarters in Brussels for engaging in espionage. Energy issues top the list of espionage-related activities in theEuropean Union. Russia also has a prodigious network of spies across thenear abroad, particularly in more hostile countries such asAzerbaijan,Georgia, and theBaltic States.
In terms of counterintelligence, Russia moved against agents working for Turkey, Pakistan, Iraq, and Saudi Arabia in 2001, and stepped up its defense against the spy services ofChina,Israel, andIran. While the same diligence was applied to the United States, thesecurity servicessimultaneously shared intelligence onIslamistextremists with Washington after theSeptember 11 attacks. In the last years of the Putin administration, accusations flew between Moscow and the UK, with both claimingCold Warlevels of spy activity in their respective countries; a number of diplomatic expulsions led to a further chilling of relations. Moscow’s decision in 2008 to redefine espionage as including the delivery of sensitive information to foreign nongovernmental organizations—an outgrowth of the dispute with the British Council over its activities in Russia—drew condemnation from the international community.
See alsoFradkov, Mikhail; Litvinenko, Aleksandr.

  1. espionage—espionage translation nounADJECTIVE corporate economic industrial The big computer companies are very worried about industrial espionage international American Bri...Collocations dictionary
  2. espionage—Espionage translationinformation brokerinformation superiorityinformation warfare...Dictionary of new words
  3. espionage—espionage bersetzung espionage Spionage f...Englisch-Deutsch Worterbuch gesetz
  4. espionage—espionage translation espionagestrong espionage [espin] noun [uncountable] when people secretly find out a countrys or companys secrets He was cleared of mounting a ca...Financial and business terms
  5. espionage—espionage translationThe act of obtaining delivering transmitting communicating or receiving information about the national defense with an intent or reason to believe th...Military dictionary
  6. espionage—espionage translationSynonyms and related wordsbugging cloakanddagger work counterespionage counterintelligence electronic surveillance espial following intelligence inte...Moby Thesaurus
  7. espionage—[espn]разведка шпионаж шпионство...Англо-русский большой универсальный переводческий словарь
  8. espionage—шпионаж...Англо-русский онлайн словарь
  9. espionage—шпионаж...Англо-русский онлайн словарь
  10. espionage—n шпионаж...Англо-русский словарь Лингвистика-98
  11. espionage—espionage [espn] nu шпионаж шпионство...Англо-русский словарь Мюллера
  12. espionage—сущ. разведка шпионаж шпионство to conduct engage in espionage шпионить служить в разведке industrial espionage military espionage...Англо-русский словарь общей лексики
  13. espionage—шпионаж business espionage computer espionage electronic espionage industrial espionage...Англо-русский словарь по компьютерной безопасности
  14. espionage—nшпионаж добывание и похищение сведений составляющих тайну для передачи другому государствуstrong espionage industrial промышленный шпионажespionage ring шпионская орга...Англо-русский словарь по социологии
  15. espionage—.strong nto carry out to conduct to engage in espionage заниматься шпионажем electronic espionage military espionage widespread espionage against a country.strong attr...Англо-русский словарь политической терминологии
  16. espionage—n. шпионаж...Англо-русский словарь редакция bed
  17. espionage—сущ.emшпионаж добывание и похищение сведений составляющих тайну для передачи другому государству industrial espionage[m] espionage ring[m]...Англо-русский социологический словарь
  18. espionage—электронный шпионаж см. тж. industrial espionage information warfare...Англо-русский толковый словарь терминов и сокращений по ВТ, Интернету и программированию
  19. espionage—сущ. юр. шпионаж разведка шпионствоagent of influence agent counterespionage covert debug bug...Англо-русский экономический словарь
  20. espionage—шпионаж industrial espionage military espionage political espionage...Англо-русский юридический словарь
  21. espionage—nшпигунство шпонаж...Англо-украинский словарь
  22. espionage—шпигунство шпонаж espionage for a foreign intelligence service шпигунство на користь ноземно розвдки espionage on behalf of a country шпигунство на користь певно крани ...Англо-украинский юридический словарь
  23. espionage—n шпигунство ring шпигунська мережа...Англо-український дипломатичний словник
  24. espionage—шпонаж шпигунство...Англо-український словник
  25. espionage—n шпигун ство ring агентурна мережа....Англо-український словник Балла М.І.
  26. espionage—шпигунство шпонаж espionage for a foreign intelligence service шпигунство на користь ноземно розвдки espionage on behalf of a country шпигунство на користь певно крани ...Англо-український юридичний словник
  27. espionage—[espn] nespionage ring агентурная сеть шпионская организация...Новый большой англо-русский словарь
  28. espionage—espionage [espn] ni шпионаж ring агентурная сеть шпионская организация...Новый большой англо-русский словарь II
  29. espionage—espn n шпионаж ring агентурная сеть шпионская организация...Новый большой англо-русский словарь под общим руководством акад. Ю.Д. Апресяна