KARDECISM

Beginning as a spiritualist movement called Spiritism, founded by the self-named Allan Kardec in France in the mid-19th century, but reaching its most popular contemporary form in Brazil, Kardecism now blends European-derivedChristianesoteric and spiritualist traditions withAfrican(e.g.,Umbanda) and indigenousAmazoniantraditions. Following group singing anddrumming, individuals becomepossessedand are spoken through byspiritswho advise and instruct the group or clients. The movement stresses moral and charitable lifestyles and practices, insisting that liberation is not only spiritual but also social and practical.