CASTANEDA, CARLOS

(1925–1998)

Anthropologist,neo-shaman, and author of theDon Juanseries of books (14 in total with three published posthumously). Castaneda’s work has been immensely popular but has been exposed by scholars as an inauthentic ethnography of Mexican shamanism. There is considerable mystery surrounding Castaneda in all aspects of his life and career. He claimed to have been born in Brazil in 1931, but records of his immigration to the United States in the 1950s indicate his birth was in 1925 in Peru. Castaneda studied anthropology at the University of California, Los Angeles, and received an M.A. and Ph.D. for his ethnographic work with Don Juan, aYaquisorcerer and the inspiration for his bestselling books, the first three of which are entitledThe Teachings ofDon Juan:A Yaqui Way of Knowledge, A Separate Reality, andJourneyto Ixtlan. Interest in psychedelics peaked around the time Castaneda chronicled his use ofpeyote, datura, and otherentheogenswith Don Juan in the first two books, yet his third presents readers with non-entheogen shamanistic techniques suitable to a postpsychedelicNew Ageand neo-shamanic audience, indicating that Castaneda’s books were more tailored to the countercultural spirituality of the moment than any indigenous reality. Scholars, includingRichard de Mille, Daniel Noel, and Jay Fikes, have exposed Castaneda’s ethnography as “fake,” while devotees of Castaneda argue that even if the ethnography is inauthentic, the teachings within it remain valid; some even claim they have met Don Juan and practiced shamanism with him.