Historical dictionary of shamanism

ANIMISM

Animism: translation

Arguably the proper label for the type of religion practiced among traditional indigenous people who employ shamans. Rather than being “shamanists” or adherents of “shamanism,” these people may be usefully named “animists.” While the term was coined by Edward Tylor (a founder of the discipline of anthropology) to define the essence of religion as “the belief inspirits” and has played a significant role in theories about the origins of religion, it is used here in a new way. The old theory of animism alleged that indigenous people and the earliest humanancestorshad made a mistake in believing in spirits. The new theory, associated withNurit Bird-David, EduardoViveiros de Castro, Signe Howell, and others, sees animism as a relational ontology—the recognition that the world is full of persons, only some of whom are human.InIrvingHallowell’s terms, there are human persons andother-than-human persons, including rock persons, tree persons, cloud persons, and perhaps “spirit persons.” Animist worldviews and lifeways make it necessary for there to be shamans because (1) humans are relatively weak and need to seek help (in the form of knowledge,healing, or defense) from more powerful other-than-human persons and (2) humans often offend otherthanhuman persons and needmediatorsin order to restore respectful relationships. In this context, shamans may be defined as those persons trained and skilled at working for their community when it is necessary to seek help from or reconciliation with the wider community of life. In turn, asGraham Harveyhas argued, animism makes shamans both possible and necessary because their roles are about dealing with the problems of a living world.
However, in concluding a discussion ofblood, tobacco, jaguars, and shamans,Carlos FaustodescribesAmazonianshamanism as “a predatory animism.” This sinister conclusion is based on the fact that the ability of some people (shamans) to interact relationally (e.g., by adoption or alliance) with powerful other-than-human persons (especially jaguars) depends onpredationinwarfareand hunting because these are preferred means of affirming one’s agency and intentionality rather than being used, preyed upon, by other persons. In short, shamans are necessary in animist communities as both curers andcombatants.

  1. animism—мед.сущ. анимизм Англорусский медицинский словарь....Англо-русский медицинский словарь
  2. animism—Animism translation Animism The doctrine or theory of the soul dd Catholic Encyclopedia.Kevin Knight Animism Animism Catholic_Encyclopediau Animism Lat. Animaem Sou...Catholic encyclopedia
  3. animism—animism translationSynonyms and related wordsBerkeleianism Hegelianism Kantianism Neoplatonism Platonic form Platonic idea Platonism absolute idealism allotheism animatis...Moby Thesaurus
  4. animism—animism translationSee panpsychism....Philosophy dictionary
  5. animism—[nmzm]анимизм...Англо-русский большой универсальный переводческий словарь
  6. animism—n анимизм...Англо-русский словарь Лингвистика-98
  7. animism—animism [nmzm] nu филос.u анимизм...Англо-русский словарь Мюллера
  8. animism—сущ. филос. анимизм...Англо-русский словарь общей лексики
  9. animism—n .strong анимизм вера в духов в то что все явления природы обладают душой и жизненными силами .strong спиритуализм .strong особенность мышления детей выражающаяся в том ...Англо-русский словарь по социологии
  10. animism—n. анимизм...Англо-русский словарь редакция bed
  11. animism—сущ.emstrong анимизм вера в духов в то что все явления природы обладают душой и жизненными силами спиритуализм особенность мышления детей выражающаяся в том что желания р...Англо-русский социологический словарь
  12. animism—сущ.а рел. одушевление природных явлений или вера в существование духов духи фантастические сверхъестественные сверхчувственные образы которые в религиозном сознании пре...Англо-русский экономический словарь
  13. animism—анмзм спритуалзм...Англо-український словник
  14. animism—[nmzm] n филос. анимизм. спиритуализм...Новый большой англо-русский словарь
  15. animism—animism [nmzm] n филос.i . анимизм . спиритуализм...Новый большой англо-русский словарь II
  16. animism—nmzm n филос. . анимизм . спиритуализм...Новый большой англо-русский словарь под общим руководством акад. Ю.Д. Апресяна
  17. animism—s.n. анимизм m....Румынско-русский словарь