LAGERLÖF, SELMA

(1858-1940)

A Swedish novelist, Lagerlof became world renowned and received theNobel Prizein 1909. She had her literary debut at the time of the transition from thenaturalismof the 1880s to theneoromanticismof the 1890s, Scandinavia's version ofsymbolismin literature. Her first book, the novelGösta Ber-lings saga(1891; tr.The Story of Gosta Berling, 1898), exemplifies this transition. Set in Lagerlof's home district of Varmland at the end of the 1820s, it tells the story of Ekeby Manor, its mistress Margareta Celsing, and the 12 cavaliers whom she supports in a life of refined idleness. The cavaliers have entered into a pact with the devil, represented by the cantankerous squire Sintram, that they will bring all economic activity at Ekeby to a halt for one year. They succeed, but at great cost to the local community. The story ofthe defrocked priest Goästa Berling is at the center of the novel, as he is both one of the leading cavaliers and one of the book s several characters in need of reformation of character. Ultimately, Lagerloäf s theme inGoästa Berlings sagais the age-old conflict between good and evil, and she offers psychological as well as mythical depictions of how good will triumph in the end. Her ethical concerns are also at the core of a collection of stories entitledOsynliga laänkar(1894; tr.Invisible Links, 1899).

Lagerloäf makes extensive use of Christian imagery, which can be found, for example, in some of the stories in the volumeDrottningar i Kungahaälla jaämte andra beraättelser(1897; tr.The Queens of Kungahaälla and Other Tales, 1917). In her second novel,Antikrists mirakler(1897; tr.The Miracles of Antichrist, 1899), she compares Christianity and socialism, whileKristuslegender(1904; tr.Christ Legends, 1908) recounts many tales ofsaints.

Extreme or abnormal states of mind are depicted in many of Lagerlof's books. The novelEn herrgardssägen(1899; tr.From a Swedish Homestead, 1901), for example, presents a mentally ill man who is rescued and brought back to health through the efforts of the woman who loves him. The great epic novelJerusalem I-II(1901-1902; tr.Jerusalem 1 and 2, 1915-1918) tells about a group of Swedish farmers who believe that God has called them to leave their ancestral homes and emigrate to Palestine. The protagonist inHerr Arnespenningar(1903; tr.Herr Arne'sHoard, 1923) is Elsalill, who has fallen in love with the leader of a band of men who murdered the priest Arne and his entire household, including Elsalill s foster sister. The ghost of the foster sister makes certain that Elsalill finally recognizes the murderer as such, after which Elsalill takes her life in order to prevent the murderers from escaping their fate.

Nils Holgerssons underbara resa genom Sverige(1906-1907; tr.The Wonderful Adventures of Nils, 1907, andFurther Adventures of Nils, 1911) has taught geography to generations of Swedish schoolchildren. The young Nils is unkind to animals, and as punishment he is shrunk by a gnome, after which he travels around Sweden on the back of a goose. Like the characters inGosta Berlings saga, he eventually reforms and is allowed to return to his normal size. The novel teaches moral lessons as well as lessons in geography.

In the shadow of the impending WorldWarI, Lagerloäf s next books were darker in tone. The novelKoärkarlen(1912; tr.Thy Soul Shall Bear Witness, 1921) offers an all too realistic portrait of a tyrannical husband and father, whileKejsarn av Portugallien(1914; tr.The Emperor ofPortugallia, 1917) features a father who has lost his sanity. In her novelBannlyst(1918; tr.The Outcast, 1920), Lagerlof speaks in favor of pacifism. In her last major work, a trilogy consisting of the novelsLoäwenskoäldska ringen(1925; tr.The General's Ring, 1928),Charlotte Lowenskold(1925, tr. 1928), andAnna Svard(1928; tr. 1931), Lagerlof tells the story of a man who may or may not be capable of redemption. It is thus a more ambivalent tale than the relatively edifying narratives that preceeded it and is perhaps a result of the traumas of World War I.