ROSSELLINI, ROBERTO

(1906–1977)

Regarded by many as Italy’s greatest film director, Rossellini made his international reputation with a depiction of the resistance to the Nazi occupation,Roma, citta aperta(Open City, 1945). Shot on location in war-torn Rome, using a jumble of film types and with a cast of largely unprofessional actors, the film tells the story of the unsuccessful attempt of an underground leader, Manfredi, to elude the Gestapo. Manfredi is helped by a defiant group of Roman workers and by a Catholic priest, Don Pietro. Both Manfredi and Don Pietro are captured and tortured. In the moving final scene, Don Pietro is shot by a firing squad. Yet the message of the film is one of hope.From a distance, the children from Don Pietro’s church in the slums witness his brave death and walk down the hill from the place of execution to a city that will be theirs. The film is notable also for the performance of a brilliant actress, Anna Magnani, who plays the resourceful Pina, a pregnant slum woman who works, feeds a family, and aids the resistance with courage and good humor. The scene in which Pina is shot by the German soldiers who had arrested her lover is one of the most evocative images in the history of the cinema.

Rossellini continued to work in the neorealist idiom, producing the classic filmsPaisa(Paisan, 1947) and Germania, anno zero (Germany,Year Zero, 1947). ButStromboli, terra di Dio(Stromboli, 1949) was criticized both by neorealist critics, for its unsympathetic portrayal of the Stromboli peasants and for its unabashed religious content, and by the Church, which regarded the film as the product of sin (the film starred Ingrid Bergman, with whom Rossellini had an affair and whom he married after she divorced her Swedish husband). Rossellini’s break with neorealismcame in 1953 when he directedViaggio in Italia(Journey to Italy), a film about a prudish English couple whose relationship is threatened by the emotions they experience upon visiting Naples. The film’s overt religious content and taxing longeurs were excoriated in Italy. In France, however, Rossellini’s film, and all his subsequent work in the 1950s and 1960s, was greatly admired by both critics and filmmakers, especially Godard and Truffaut. Rossellini returned to popular and critical favor in Italy only in 1959, withIl generale della Rovere(General Della Rovere, 1959). Starring Vittorio De Sica, this story about a confidence trickster hired by the German occupiers to discover the identity of a resistance leader, but who ultimately rejects his paymasters and dies a hero’s death, won the Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival and was a huge commercial success. In the 1960s, Rossellini was one of the first directors to experiment with the new medium of television. Between 1966 and 1973, he made a series of masterful historical dramas as well as a number of documentaries. When he died in 1977, he was regarded as one of the most original figures in the history of film.