Historical Dictionary of Israel

TURKEY

Turkey: translation

From independence, Israeli officials saw the need to establish positive relations with the Muslim, non-Arabcountries of the Middle East to offset Israel's isolation from and encirclement by hostile Arab neighbors. As part of this strategy, ties were developed with prerevolutionaryIran,Ethiopia, and Turkey.
Because of pressure from its Arab and Muslim neighbors, Turkey voted against the partition ofPalestinein 1947, however it did extend recognition to Israel in 1949 and established diplomatic relations. A bilateral trade agreement was signed in 1950, followed by a transportation agreement in 1951. Early on, the Turks viewed Israel as a potential military ally in their ongoing territorial disputes withSyria(especially over the Sanjak of Alexandretta and the distribution of the waters of the Tigris and Euphrates River system) and in combating Kurdish and Armenianterrorism.
Beginning in the mid-1950s, Turkey began to move closer to the Arab countries and to diminish relations with Israel. In the wake of theSinai War(1956), it reduced to charge d'affaires the level of its diplomatic representation in Israel, however Arab pressure for a complete severing of relations was resisted. Turkey joined much of the Arab and Muslim world in criticizing Israel's occupation of Muslim territory in theSix-Day War(1967), and there was a perceptible softening of Ankara's attitude toward Palestinian terrorist groups operating on Turkish soil. In 1971, the Israeli consul in Istanbul, Ephraim Elrom, was kidnapped and murdered, and in September 1986, 22 Jews were massacred in an Istanbul synagogue by members of the Palestinian terrorist Abu Nidal Organization.
The Knesset's passage of theBasic Law:Jerusalem,Capital of Israel(1980) led to a further reduction of Turkey's diplomatic representation in Israel to the level of second secretary. However, by the mid-1980s, the decline in the importance of the Arab market and Arab and Islamic oil opened the way for an improvement in Turkey's bilateral relations with Israel. The first expression of this new attitude was in trade. Bilateral commercial exchange totaled $54 million in 1987. By 1998, this figure had increased to approximately $750 million, with expectations of trade reaching $2 billion by the year 2000. In November 1993, Turkey's foreign minister Hikmet Cetin became the highest-ranking Turkish official to ever visit Israel. During Cetin's visit, the two countries set up working groups to establish a bilateralfree-trade zone. (This agreement was formally ratified in April 1997.) In addition, Cetin and Foreign MinisterShimon Peressigned a memorandum of understanding laying the foundation for future cooperation between the two countries, particularly ineconomicmatters. There were also high-level discussions about cooperation in security and the combating of terrorism.
In late January 1994, PresidentEzer Weizmanbecame the first Israeli head of state to visit Turkey, at the head of a large Israeli trade delegation. Subsequently, reciprocal visits by top Israeli and Turkish officials and by commercial delegations became routine.
In addition to commercial exchanges, significant growth occurred in security cooperation, joint military training, and counterterrorism. The first joint training exercise involving the air forces of Israel and Turkey took place in June 1994. Also in 1994, the two sides reached a draft agreement on joint efforts to combat international terrorism. In 1996, it was revealed that Turkish and Israeli officials had quietly forged a series of secret military andintelligenceagreements. These improving strategic relations were sustained in the mid-1990s (often at the insistence of the Turkish military) during the brief tenure of the Islamist government headed by Necmettin Erbakan. Beginning on 6 January 1998, Israel, Turkey, and theUnited Statesparticipated in large-scale naval search-and-rescue exercises in the eastern Mediterranean. The exercises, code-named "Reliant Mermaid," were observed by the commander of theJordaniannavy. Israeli and Turkish officials were at pains to emphasize that the exercises were designed to strengthen cooperation between the two countries in the performance of humanitarian services and were not meant to threaten third parties. Nevertheless, the Turkish-Israeli strategic alliance was strongly criticized by many Arab countries, such asEgypt,Iraq, andSyria, as well as by Iran.
In the summer of 1999, there was speculation that Turkey's ties with Israel would be scaled back following moves by Israeliprime minister Ehud Barakto resume long-stalled peace negotiations with Syria, an opponent of increasing Turkish-Israeli security cooperation. Turkish president Suleyman Demirel made an official visit to Israel for talks with Barak aimed at reaffirming the U.S.-backed strategic partnership between the two regional powers to show that the recent change in government both in Turkey and Israel would not affect their core relations. In December 1999, Turkish, Israeli, and U.S. naval forces again participated in joint search-and-rescue exercises in the eastern Mediterranean. In recent years, the Israeli-Turkish relationship has endured strain resulting from two major sources: the election in October 2002 of the AKP, a conservative Turkish party with Islamic roots, and criticism from Ankara of measures adopted by Israel in responding to the Palestinian mass-casualtysuicide bombingsof theAl-Aksa intifada. In addition, the bombings of two synagogues in Istanbul on 15 November 2003 by groups associated with al-Qaeda threatened to adversely affect relations between Ankara andJerusalem. However, the bilateral relationship proved resilient, driven in large measure by the similar regional concerns shared by Israelis and Turks, including Syrian and Iranian military adventurism the instability in post-Saddam Iraq, the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, the challenge of Islamic radicalism, and the geopolitical destiny of central Asia.
Bilateral trade between Israel and Turkey grew to $2 billion in 2004, up from $200 million in 1993, and Turkey since the mid-1990s has been one of the prime foreign destinations for Israelitourists. In addition, the post-9/11 international war on terror has brought the two states closer together. At the instigation of Turkish prime minister Re-cep Tayyip Erdogan,intelligenceand security cooperation was widened following the November 2003 synagogue bombings in Istanbul. The Turkish arms market has remained open to Israeli firms. The AKP-led government did not cancel the Turkish military's contract to have Israeli firms upgrade M-60 tanks, despite election campaign promises to do so. In April 2005, Turkey selected an Israeli consortium for the Heron Unmanned Air Vehicles project, estimated to be worth $200 million. In addition, joint military exercises continued as planned; "Reliant Mermaid 7" was held in January 2005. Turkish prime minister Erdogan visited Israel on 1-2 May 2005.
See alsoForeign Policy; Foreign Trade.

  1. turkey—turkey translation nounADJECTIVE lean Christmas Thanksgiving traditional the traditional turkeyu with all the trimmings frozen roast smoked stuffed ground ...Collocations dictionary
  2. turkey—turkey translationSee TALK TURKEY....Dictionary of American idioms
  3. turkey—turkey translationSee TALK TURKEY....Dictionary of American idioms
  4. turkey—Turkey translation A losing investment. Bloomberg Financial Dictionaryu...Financial and business terms
  5. turkey—Turkey translation Slightly more than half of the Kurds in the entire world live in Turkey where depending on how one counts them they make up some million people or as ...Historical Dictionary of the Kurds
  6. turkey—Turkey translationSlang for an investment that yields disappointing results or turns out worse than expected. Failed business deals securities that realize significant lo...Investment dictionary
  7. turkey—turkey translationSynonyms and related wordsBantam Cornish hen banty barndoor fowl barnyard fowl biddy bomb broiler brooder broody hen bust caille canard caneton capon ch...Moby Thesaurus
  8. turkey—[tk]индюк индейканеудача провалтупица ничтожество медлительный человек тюфяк...Англо-русский большой универсальный переводческий словарь
  9. turkey—[tk]Турция...Англо-русский большой универсальный переводческий словарь
  10. turkey—индюк индейка тж. кул. sl. неудача провал Турция халтура ни на что не пригодная вещь напрасный труд лажа бездарность дурак to talk turkey ам. жарг. говорить прямо без об...Англо-русский дополнительный словарь
  11. turkey—индюок индюшачий...Англо-русский научно-технический словарь
  12. turkey—transcription транскрипция [ tk ]turkey n AmE sl . I saw a few of our turkeys cheaply made failures Я посмотрела несколько наших довольно серых кинофильмов настоящая хал...Англо-русский новый словарь современного неформального английского языка
  13. turkey—точильный...Англо-русский политехнический словарь
  14. turkey—индюк индейка Meleagris gallopavo brush turkey common turkey ocellated turkey tom turkey water turkey wattled brush turkey индейка индюк...Англо-русский словарь биологических терминов
  15. turkey—Turkey Турция...Англо-русский словарь компьютерных терминов II
  16. turkey—n индюк разочаровавшее капиталовложение турция...Англо-русский словарь Лингвистика-98
  17. turkey—turkey [tk] nu индюк индейка тж.u кул.u амер.u сл.u неудача провал Norfolk turkey житель Норфолкаto talk turkey амер.u говорить прямо без обиняков...Англо-русский словарь Мюллера
  18. turkey—turkey [tk] nu индюк индейка тж.u кул.u амер.u сл.u неудача провал Norfolk turkey житель Норфолкаto talk turkey амер.u говорить прямо без обиняков...Англо-русский словарь Мюллера
  19. turkey—сущ. геогр. Republic of Turkey Турция государство на Ближнем Востоке столица Анкара...Англо-русский словарь общей лексики
  20. turkey—сущ. индюк индейка тж. кул. to carve a turkey разделывать тушку индейки to roast a turkey жарить индейку to stuff a turkey фаршировать начинять индейку wild turkey д...Англо-русский словарь общей лексики
  21. turkey—турция...Англо-русский словарь по компьютерам
  22. turkey—амер.em разг.em неудачная инвестиция...Англо-русский словарь по экономике
  23. turkey—n. Турция индюк индюшка индейка неудача провал...Англо-русский словарь редакция bed
  24. turkey—the Republic of TurkeyТурция Турецкая Республика...Англо-русский терминологический словарь МИД России
  25. turkey—индюок индюшачий...Англо-русский технический словарь
  26. turkey—сущ. общ. Турция республика столица Анкара государственный язык турецкий национальная валюта турецкая лираem Turkish lira European Patent Convention Hague Convention Ab...Англо-русский экономический словарь
  27. turkey—збитковий цнний папр брж....Англо-украинский бизнес словарь
  28. turkey—nндик ндичка...Англо-украинский словарь
  29. turkey—збитковий цнний папр брж....Англо-український бізнес-словник
  30. turkey—турця ндичка ндик...Англо-український словник
  31. turkey—n ндик ндичка провал невдача to talk амер. говорити вдверто to walk амер. мор. зазнавати хитавиц....Англо-український словник Балла М.І.
  32. turkey—n геогр. н. Туреччина carpet турецький килим corn кукурудза red яскравочервоний колр stone брусок....Англо-український словник Балла М.І.
  33. turkey—n AmE sl I saw a few of our turkeys cheaply made failures Я посмотрела несколько наших довольно серых кинофильмов настоящая халтура Its a real turkey Это настоящая му...Новый англо-русский словарь современной разговорной лексики
  34. turkey—[tk] n геогр.Republic of Turkey Турецкая Республика...Новый большой англо-русский словарь
  35. turkey—turkey [tk] ni . зоол. iиндюк индейка Meleagris gallopavoi cock индюк hen индейка young индюшонок wild дикая индейка кул. iиндейка индюшка . сл. iпровал неудача...Новый большой англо-русский словарь II
  36. turkey—Turkey [tk] n геогр.i Турция Republic of Турецкая Республика...Новый большой англо-русский словарь II
  37. turkey—tk n . зоол. emиндюк индейка Meleagris gallopavoem cock индюк hen индейка young индюшонок wild дикая индейка кул. emиндейка индюшка . сл. emпровал неудача...Новый большой англо-русский словарь под общим руководством акад. Ю.Д. Апресяна
  38. turkey—tk n геогр. Турция Republic of Турецкая Республика...Новый большой англо-русский словарь под общим руководством акад. Ю.Д. Апресяна
  39. turkey—индейка а не Турция турецкий...Сборный англо-русский словарь