Historical Dictionary of Architecture

DOME

DOME: translation

The dome, which is created from anarchturned on its axis 360 degrees, is traditionally considered one of the most importantAncient Romanarchitectural inventions. Although round temples were not new to Ancient Rome, thePantheon, when it was built in AD 120, was unprecedented in its scale. Both the diameter and height of the dome measure 143 feet, and it features a 30-foot-wide round oculus window in its center. Made of a volcanic rock calledtufa, considered an early form ofconcrete, the dome also features coffering, a series of squares cut out of the concrete to reduce its weight and provide a sense of rhythm and order to the dome's interior. The 20-foot-thick walls are not solid, but built up of concrete layered with arches to relieve the tremendous weight of the dome through the walls. Despite the prevalence of domed structures in Ancient Rome, most Roman buildings used astoneorwoodvaulting system rather than a dome. Domes constructed through the Middle Ages were smaller and built of masonry with ribbing. Following the same design principles as the pointed arch, they feature a pointed top capped by a pinnacle.
The structural knowledge of the Ancient Roman semispherical dome was lost over time, not to be rediscovered until theRenaissance. Until the early 1400s, the dome of theFlorence Cathedraland its octagonal drum remained open, given the overly ambitious plan of earlier architects to construct the largest building in all of Italy. In 1417,Filippo Brunelleschiwas hired to complete the dome. He had just returned from Rome, where his studies of Ancient Roman architecture involved the careful measuring of specific buildings, including the Pantheon.Because of the preexisting octagonal drum, Brunelleschi was not able to build a round dome like the Pantheon, so instead he designed a modified solution that involved a double-shelled dome with ribs set into the corners of the drum and a slightly pointed top, capped by a lantern. This dome was the first since antiquity to employ ancient methods of construction and was therefore hailed as the first "true" Renaissance building. Through the Renaissance, domes of all sizes were constructed, meant to recall the grandeur of Ancient Rome. In the 1560s,Andrea Palladiointroduced the dome in a domestic building, as seen in his Villa Rotonda, built outside Vicenza. Thus, Palladio reintroduced in this rural home for his upper-class patron both the ancient villa and the idea of the imperialdomus(of the word "domestic").
Domes became an almost mandatory feature of subsequent Renaissance and thenBaroquechurches, includingSaint Peter's Church in Rome, begun in 1505 and completed in the early 1600s. But the domestic dome never became very popular outside of a number ofNeo-Classicalhomes from the 18th century, such asRichardBoyle's Chiswick House, built in West London in the 1720s, andThomasJefferson's Monticello, built in Charlottesville, Virginia, beginning in the 1770s. By the 19th century, domes became increasingly important features of most government buildings constructed in the United States, in emulation of the original domedUnited States Capitol,Washington,D.C., begun in 1803 byBenjamin Henry Latrobe. The most recent state capitol to receive a classical dome is in Oklahoma City, where the capitol dome was planned in 1914 but not completed until 1997.
While these domes all retain a historical referencing in their classical designs, new dome possibilities began to appear in the 20th century, as architects explored new ways of manipulating reinforcedconcretein their domes. Pier Luigi Nervi's Palazzetto dello Sport, built in Rome for the 1960 Olympics, is a good example of his combination of engineering and aesthetics to create a thin concrete shell dome that spans a huge interior. These thin-shelled, organic-styled concrete roof coverings were more recently the source of inspiration for the Millennium Dome, a massive structure supported by masts that look like giant stakes driven through the top of the dome. Built in southeast London by Richard Rogers and the structural engineer Buro Happold for the year-long millennium celebrations held there in 2000, this building is currently an indoor sports arena.
Finally, the geodesic dome, another modern innovation, is a highly technical structure whereby a reinforced dome is created with intersecting lines. Although it is made from linear elements, it is ultimately a spherical structure created from a network of struts arranged around intersecting circles that lie on the surface of the sphere. Triangles are formed where the circles intersect and disperse the stress more evenly across the surface. This innovation is the sole man-made structure that can become stronger as it gets larger. Geodesic domes are mathematically complex, whereby a shape such as an icosahedron (a polyhedron with 20 faces, usually with equilateral triangles in each face) is used to measure out a pattern of triangles lying with minimal distortion on the surface of the sphere. The edges of the triangle are calledgeodesics. Although a variety of patterns can be used to create geodesic domes, the expense of creating a new pattern has standardized the dome into a few prevalent shapes.
The geodesic dome was built by Walther Bauersfeld in 1922 as a planetarium in Germany, but it was first introduced to the broader public at the American Pavilion of Expo '67 held in Montreal. Created by R. Buckminster Fuller, the American Pavilion dome was based on mathematical studies performed at Black Mountain College in Asheville, North Carolina, in the 1940s. SeveralBauhausarchitects, includingWalter Gropius, taught at Black Mountain during this same decade, and from that point on, Fuller, an inventor, poet, and visionary, began to dedicate his work toward developing a utopian vision of improving human existence through more economical automobiles and homes. Fuller hoped that this strong, light-weight structure could be used for inexpensive housing, an idea that he developed further in his Dymaxion House, from 1945. This round home is made of metal covered in polished aluminum and resembles a flattened dome. The entire house is so lightweight that it can rotate around a central mast to improve air circulation. It also had other economical features, including rotating drawers and a finemist shower. Although this widely popular prototype of a home was never produced, a model can be found today in the Henry Ford Museum in Dearborn, Michigan. Domes, particularly the lightweight geodesic domes, continue to be modified for use in architectural construction today.

  1. dome—мед.сущ. купол Англорусский медицинский словарь....Англо-русский медицинский словарь
  2. dome—диэдр...Англо-русский металлургический словарь
  3. dome—купол кишечной лимфоидной тканиem...Англо-русский словарь по иммунологии
  4. dome—камера камера для оборотной воды фильтросный колпак...Англо-русский словарь по экологии
  5. dome—купол башни телескопа...Англо-русский физический словарь
  6. dome—Dome translation Dome An architectural term often used synonymously with cupola dd Catholic Encyclopedia.Kevin Knight Dome Dome Catholic_Encyclopediau Dome Lat. dom...Catholic encyclopedia
  7. dome—dome translation noun Domestrong is used before these nouns shape tent Domestrong is used after these nouns onion...Collocations dictionary
  8. dome—Dome translationStar AstiskIt consists of two small silver bows in the shape of a cross. On top of it is a cross referring to the sheltering cherubim.This dome is put on ...Dictionary of church terms
  9. dome—Dome translation Domes are hemispherical vaultsstrong first introduced in large scale by the Romans. The architects of the Byzantine era pioneered an effective method of ...Dictionary of Renaissance art
  10. dôme—dme bersetzungdom m ARCH Kuppel f dme [dom] Substantif masculin [Auen]kuppel fmininem...Dictionnaire Francais-Allemand
  11. dome—dome translation . A high shaft in a room or passage formed by solution []. . A large hemispheroidal hollow in the roof of a caveformed by the breakdown andor salt weathe...Lexicon of Cave and Karst Terminology
  12. dome—dome translationSee spray dome....Military dictionary
  13. dome—dome translationSynonyms and related wordsantenna tower apse arcade arcature arch arched roof archway barbican bean belfry bell tower bend bend back bonnet bow brow cambe...Moby Thesaurus
  14. dome—dome translation [Swahili Word]u dome [Swahili Plural]u dome [English Word]u piece of cuttlefish used as bait [Part of Speech]u noun [Class]u [Dialect]u Kimvita [Termino...Swahili-english dictionary
  15. dome—demo mode...Английские анаграммы
  16. dome—панель приборов салон...Англо-русский автомобильный словарь
  17. dome—[dm]величественное зданиекрытая спортивная арена со сводчатой крышейкупол верх верхушка сводкуполообразный предмет нечто похожее на купол сводкупол башка головаколпаквенч...Англо-русский большой универсальный переводческий словарь
  18. dome—. купол свод антиклинальное поднятие не имеющее отчтливого простирания плутон с выпуклой поверхностью . крист. дома air dome куполок миниатюрное поднятие песка под действ...Англо-русский геологический словарь
  19. dome—купол свод dome of heaven poet. небесный свод poet. величественное здание coll. голова башка венчать куполом возвышаться в виде купола domed куполообразный...Англо-русский дополнительный словарь
  20. dome—обзорный фонарь двухэтажного транспортного средства обтекатель...Англо-русский дорожно-транспортный словарь
  21. dome—Небесный свод обтекатель...Англо-русский морской словарь
  22. dome—transcription транскрипция [ n. . . . v. ]dome n sl He got the hair sheared off his dome Он состриг волосы с головы...Англо-русский новый словарь современного неформального английского языка
  23. dome—купол...Англо-русский онлайн словарь
  24. dome—купол...Англо-русский онлайн словарь
  25. dome—vt крыть куполом купол...Англо-русский политехнический словарь
  26. dome—купол apical dome sense dome...Англо-русский словарь биологических терминов
  27. dome—купол свод колпак...Англо-русский словарь компьютерных терминов
  28. dome—n купол...Англо-русский словарь Лингвистика-98
  29. dome—dome [dm] . nu купол сводdome of heaven поэт.u небесный свод купол обсерватории разг.u голова башка поэт.u величественное здание тех.u колпакsteam dome сухопарник ...Англо-русский словарь Мюллера
  30. dome—noun голова...Англо-русский словарь непристойных выражений
  31. dome—.strong свод купол .strong колпак печиem сухопарник котла .strong геол. антиклинальное поднятие без отчтливого простирания coastal domes deepseated salt dome interio...Англо-русский словарь нефтегазовой промышленности
  32. dome—. сущ. а поэт. уст. величественное здание Syn mansion б крытая спортивная арена со сводчатой крышей а купол верх верхушка свод большого здания dome of heaven Syn cupol...Англо-русский словарь общей лексики
  33. dome—.strong обтекатель .strong ниша .strong купол колпак landing gear well dome ниша отсека шасси blade dome nose dome pressure dome propeller dome radar dome tail do...Англо-русский словарь по гражданской авиации
  34. dome—купол свод колпак silicon dome...Англо-русский словарь по компьютерам
  35. dome—куполообразное сооружение куполообразное укрытие...Англо-русский словарь по космонавтике
  36. dome—обтекатель антенны диффузор громкоговорителя soft dome...Англо-русский словарь по телекоммуникациям
  37. dome—n. купол свод...Англо-русский словарь редакция bed
  38. dome—купол свод опалубка для кессонного железобетонного покрытия air dome bellshaped dome geodesic dome masonry dome observatory dome pendentive dome revolving dome ribbed dom...Англо-русский словарь строительных терминов
  39. dome—купол кожух свод колпак шлем dome slit radar dome sonar dome steam dome under dome...Англо-русский технический словарь
  40. dome—. автоu панель приборов салон. геол.u купол. геол.u куполовидное поднятие...Англо-русский универсальный дополнительный практический словарь И. Мостицкого
  41. dome—n архт. купол баня склепння перен. небосхил небозвд небесне склепння поет. велична споруда будова амер. sl. голова мактра тех. ковпак вдбивно печ steam dome...Англо-украинский словарь
  42. dome—звд купол котелок казанок склепння баня...Англо-український словник
  43. dome—n обтчник нша купол ковпак antenna dome blade dome hemispherical dome landing gear well dome nose dome pressure dome propeller dome radar dome spherical dome tail dome...Англо-український словник авіаційних термінів
  44. dome—n ж. мя Дор зменш. вд Dora Doreen Doris Dorothy....Англо-український словник Балла М.І.
  45. dome—. n купол баня склепння купол астрономчно обсерватор поет. велична споруда будвля жарт голова мактра тех. ковпак цистерни сухопарник тж steam doctor жарт лкарпси...Англо-український словник Балла М.І.
  46. dôme—Im купол свод dme de verdure зелный купол из листвыdme des cieux небесный свод тех. крышка колпак dme de prise de vapeur сухопарник нависший туман геол. округлая купо...Большой французско-русский и русско-французский словарь
  47. döme—[\Dmet \Dmeje] ld. Dmjn...Венгерско-русский словарь
  48. dome—n sl He got the hair sheared off his dome Он состриг волосы с головы...Новый англо-русский словарь современной разговорной лексики
  49. dome—.strong [dm] n. купол сводthe dome of a church купол церквиthe onion domes of a church луковичные купола церкви чтол. куполообразное или дугообразноеspray dome водяно...Новый большой англо-русский словарь
  50. dome—dome . [dm] ni . купол свод the of a church купол церкви the onion s of a church луковичные купола церкви чтол. куполообразное илиi дугообразное spray водяной купо...Новый большой англо-русский словарь II
  51. dome—.strong dm n . купол свод the of a church купол церкви the onion s of a church луковичные купола церкви чтол. куполообразное илиem дугообразное spray водяной к...Новый большой англо-русский словарь под общим руководством акад. Ю.Д. Апресяна
  52. dôme—Istrong mсобор IIstrong m купол свод dme de verdure зелный купол из листвыem dme des cieux небесный свод тех. крышка колпак dme de prise de vapeur сухопарник нависши...Новый французско-русский словарь
  53. døme—t диал.u пример til dmes например...Норвежско-русский словарь
  54. dôme—m купол свод колпак сухопарник паросборник паровой колпак шлем перегонного куба dme de prise de vapeur...Политехнический французско-русский словарь
  55. dôme—m анат. свод купол dme aortiquedme du foiedme hpatiquedme pleural...Французско-русский медицинский словарь
  56. dome—Смотри Шлем....Энциклопедический словарь по металлургии