TROBAR LEU

Trobar leuwas a style of TROUBADOUR poetry that was characterized by simple, natural, and accessible diction and relatively simple verse forms. It was a style intended to appeal to the broadest possible audience. The term comes from the Provençal wordstrobar, or the art of composing verse, andleu, meaning “light” or “easy.” Perhaps the best-known troubadour in theleustyle is BERNART DE VENTADORN, whose wide popularity probably owed much to his composition in a style that appealed to a broad audience. The term itself, however, seems to have been invented by GIRAUT DE BORNELH, who was more concerned than Bernart with developing a theory of composition, and who discusses the style in seven different songs.Giraut seems to have developed the theory of theleustyle in reaction to theTROBAR CLUS. For Girauttrobar leudescribes verse that is “easy to sing and understand, light and entertaining, apparently carefree, smooth and polished with obscurity planed away” (Paterson 1975, 208). But he insists that it takes as much skill and effort to produce verse that is smooth and polished as it does to compose something obscure, and therefore thetrobar leustyle should not be considered inferior to thetrobar clus, even though it seems easier.

In a well-knownTENSO, or DEBATE POEM, with RIMBAUT D’ORANGE, Giraut engages in an argument over the relative merits of the two styles, suggesting that there may have been a controversy on the matter among troubadours in about 1170. Rimbaud cares nothing for popularity, but wants to be appreciated only by those with the most intelligence and the best taste. But Giraut, applying reasoning comparable to that of rhetoricians like GEOFFREY OF VINSAUF (Paterson 1975, 113–14), argues that he is making his verse appropriate to his audience. Since he is writing for a broader segment of the courtly audience, including those whom Rimbaut calls “fools,” he will use his skills to shape his verse to the tastes and understanding of that audience. Thus Giraut says:

suits him,

(Goldin 1973, 203, ll. 8–13)

Trobar leu, then, is a style more popular, more appealing for a general audience, than the more obscure and exclusive style of thetrobar clus.

■ Gaunt, Simon.Troubadours and Irony. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.

■ Goldin, Frederick, ed. and trans.Lyrics of the Troubadours and Trouvères: An Anthology and a History. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1973.

■ Paterson, Linda M.Troubadours and Eloquence. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1975.