CASTLE OF PERSEVERANCE, THE

(ca. 1405–1425)

The Castle of Perseveranceis the oldest complete extant MORALITY PLAY in English. There is an earlier play calledThe Pride of Life, but it survives only in a fragment. Like other morality plays,The Castle ofPerseveranceaddresses the salvation of the individual human soul, and does so in the form of ALLEGORY. It is written predominantly in 13-line stanzas rhymingababcdcdefffe, in a form similar to that used by the so-called Wakefield Master of the TOWNELEY CYCLE of plays. At 3,649 lines and containing 33 characters, the play is also the longest and most complex of the extant moralities, and it is the only one that contains all three conventional morality-play themes: the battle between the Vices and Virtues for the human soul; the summoning of Death; and the debate of the four Daughters of God. The play survives in a single manuscript in Washington’s Folger Library, a manuscript named for its earliest known owner, Cox Macro. WithMankindandWisdom, The Castle of Perseveranceis therefore referred to as one of the Macro plays. The manuscript copy ofThe Castle of Perseverancedates from about 1440, and is clearly of East Anglian origin. The text includes banns that an actor was supposed to have read, summarizing the play and declaring that it will be performed a week later at some central location in the town. These banns make it clear that the play was performed by a traveling troupe of actors who must have performed it at various locations throughout East Anglia.

The manuscript also contains a crude diagram that shows us how the play was meant to be staged. According to the drawing, the action would be performed in a round playing area bordered by a ditch, around which the audience would be seated. At the center of the playing space was a tower on stilts, representing the Castle. Five scaffolds would be erected at various points at the circumference of the circle: To the East was the scaffold of God, to the north was the Devil (or Belial), to the west the World (Mundus), and to the south the Flesh (Caro).A fifth scaffold was inserted somewhat asymmetrically in the northeast for Covetousness, presented in the play as a lieutenant of the World. Beneath the Castle itself was a bench representing a bed, on which the protagonistHumana Genus(Mankind) is born at the beginning of the play and on which he dies some 3,000 lines later. No doubt the acting troupe needed the week’s time proclaimed in the banns in order to construct their elaborate set. Stage directions in the text of the play indicate that props and costumes were also elaborate and important to the production: In his temptation, for example, Mankind is proffered a robe covered in golden coins; Belial’s costume apparently included pipes of burning gunpowder that appeared to shoot from his ears, hands, and backside. Such stage directions suggest a lively production, with a good deal of physical action and movement and, it seems likely, interaction with the audience sitting in the round among the five scaffolds, each of which at certain times in the production became the focus of action. The action of the play follows a four-part structure that falls into a rough pattern of temptation, repentance, further temptation and fall, and final salvation. In the beginning of the play, the newly born Mankind is accompanied by his Good Angel and his Bad Angel. The Bad Angel seduces him to come and meet the World, the Flesh and the Devil, along with the Seven Deadly Sins.Mankind promises them his friendship when Penitence suddenly pierces him with a lance representing his distress over his sins. Repenting,Mankind asks mercy, and through God’s grace, Confession and Repentance show him where he can be safe: In the Castle of Perseverance—a term that in this context seems to denote a kind of Christian patience in the face of adversity and temptation.

With Mankind safely lodged within the Castle and defended by seven Virtues, the forces of evil, led by the Devil and the Seven Deadly Sins, lay siege to the Castle. The individual combats that occur between the Vices and Virtues are clearly based on PRUDENTIUS’s famous fifth-centuryPSYCHOMACHIA, but ultimately the Vices are defeated when the Virtues toss roses at them: The roses, traditional Christian symbols of Christ’s passion and sacrifice, wound the Vices and drive them off. But Covetousness (or Greed), more clever than his fellow Vices, avoids battle with the Virtues and approaches Mankind directly, tempting him out of the Castle with material objects that will give him comfort and security.Obtaining Mankind’s promise always to desire more and never to share with others, Covetousness succeeds in drawing Mankind away from God. Just then, unexpectedly, Death appears, describing his function as the great leveler who draws all (rich and poor) to the same end. He strikes Mankind, who is immediately deserted by the World. Though Mankind has hoped to leave his goods to his own kin, they are all claimed by a page sent by the World, named “I Wot Neuere Whoo”: Thus in the play, “I never know who” inherits one’s goods upon his death. Mankind realizes his grave error at the last moment and prays for mercy, and this initiates the debate among the four Daughters of God: Truth and Righteousness on the one hand—both of whom argue the justice of Mankind’s damnation, and Mercy and Peace on the other—who assert God’s merciful nature. The four daughters bring the case before the throne of God himself, who opts for mercy.Mankind is admitted to heaven, but God has the last speech in the play, advising the audience members to repent of their sins and to follow virtue. Aside from the influence of Prudentius, scholars have noted that the play may owe something to the Anglo-Norman ROMANCEChasteaud’Amours(attributed to Robert GROSSETESTE), which among other things includes a debate among the four daughters of God. It has also been suggested that the play—whose action moves among the various areas of the playing circle— owes much to the traditional medieval motif of life as a journey from birth to death, from innocence to experience, a pilgrimage to our ultimate heavenly home, if we remain faithful on the journey.

■ Bevington, David, ed.The Macro Plays: The Castle of Perseverance,Wisdom, Mankind. New York: Johnson Reprint, 1972.

■ Kelley, Michael R.Flamboyant Drama: A Study of“The Castle of Perseverance”and“Wisdom.” Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1979.

■ King, Pamela M.“Morality Plays.” InThe Cambridge Companion to Medieval English Theatre, edited by Richard Beadle, 240–264, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.

■The Macro Plays: The Castle of Perseverance,Wisdom, Mankind. Edited by Mark Eccles. EETS 262. London: Published for the Early English Text Society by the Oxford University Press, 1969.

■ Potter, Robert A.The English Morality Play: Origins, History, and Influence of a Dramatic Tradition. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1975.

■ Southern, Richard.The Medieval Theatre in the Round: A Study of the Staging of“The Castle of Perseverance”and Related Matters. 2nd ed. London: Faber and Faber, 1975.