BOCCACCIO, GIOVANNI

Boccaccio, Giovanni: translation

(1313–1375)

Boccaccio was an Italian poet and writer of prose fiction, largely influenced by DANTE and his close friend PETRARCH, and with those two is considered one of the three great writers of the Italiantrecento(i.e., 14th century). HisDECAMERONis one of the seminal works of world literature, and the most important work of prose fiction to come out of the Italian Middle Ages.

Giovanni Boccaccio was the illegitimate son of a Florentine merchant named Boccaccino di Chelo and an unknown mother, probably of humble origin. He was born, probably in Florence or his father’s native town of Certaldo, in 1313, and some time before 1320 his father recognized and legitimized him and brought him to live in his household. Boccaccio was trained in mathematics, accounting, and general business practices, and in 1327 he accompanied his father as his apprentice to the city of Naples. Here his father was a councillor and chamberlain in the court of King Robert of Anjou, representing the interests of the great Bardi banking house of Florence.

The young Boccaccio was unhappy as a banker, and later in life he expresses his regret at his early education’s ignoring rhetoric and the great classical poets. He did prevail upon his father to allow him to attend the University of Naples from about 1331 to 1336 in order to study canon law. Here Boccaccio studied under Dante’s friend CINO DA PISTOIA, a connection that must have contributed to his lifelong reverence for his great Tuscan predecessor. Having made some connections at court, Boccaccio was also able to explore the substantial Royal Library in Naples, an opportunity that may have filled some of the earlier gaps in his education. In the meantime, Boccaccio’s father left Naples in 1332 to pursue business interests in Paris, leaving the young Boccaccio on his own. About this time Boccaccio began his poetic career. His earliest work,Caccia di Diana(Diana’s Hunt, ca.1334), was written in TERZA RIMA in emulation of Dante. His first major work,FILOCOLO(Love’s labor, ca. 1336), is significant as the first prose ROMANCE in Italian, and it retells the French story of FLOIRE ET BLANCHEFLOR (whom Boccaccio calls Florio and Biancofiore). In the first book ofIl Filocolo, Boccaccio describes his first meeting with the woman he calls Fiametta (Maria d’Aquino) in the Church of San Lorenzo on Easter Saturday. He depicts her as the love of his life and his inspiration (like Dante’s Beatrice or Petrarch’s Laura). She appears in many of his later works including theTeseidaand theElegia di Madonna Fiametta, and she is one of the storytellers in theDecameron. But no historical verification of the existence of such a person has been found, and it is possible that she was simply a literary fiction.

Before 1341, Boccaccio also wroteIl FILOSTRATO(The Love-struck).Written in eight-line stanzas of OTTAVA RIMA, the poem tells the story of the love affair of the Trojan prince Troiolo and his beloved Creseida, and was the chief source for Chaucer’sTROILUS AND CRISEYDE(ca. 1385). It was certainly Boccaccio’s major achievement thus far, but soon after its composition, financial crisis changed Boccaccio’s life. In 1341, with the Bardi company in dire financial straits, Boccaccio was forced to leave Naples and return to Florence.

In Florence Boccaccio faced his own economic difficulties. He was never able to obtain the support of a wealthy patron, as Dante and Petrarch had been able to do. On the brink of poverty, he finished hisTeseida(Book of Theseus), an epiclength romance in ottava rima concerning the love of Arcita and Palemone for the beautiful Emilia that was the source of Chaucer’sKNIGHT’S TALE.

But ultimately Boccaccio, recognizing that courtly romances of the sort he had been writing were not appropriate for the bourgeois audience of Florence, began to write didactic allegories. HisCommedia delle ninfe(Comedy of the Florentine nymphs, ca. 1341–42) is an allegory of virtues with alternating prose and lyrical sections, similar to Dante’sVITA nUOVA, while hisAmorosa Visione(“Vision of Love,” ca. 1343) depicts love as an ennobling force. Composed in terza rima, the verse recalls theDIVINE COMEDY. Boccaccio followed this with hisElegia di Madonna Fiametta(“Elegy of Lady Fiametta,” ca. 1343–44), a narrative made up of letters purported to be from the pen of Fiametta, jilted by her lover. It is a work with a legitimate claim to be the world’s first epistolary novel. But Boccaccio’s greatest achievement in these years was hisDecameron, a collection of 100 short stories ornovelletold over a period of 10 days by seven Florentine ladies and three gentlemen who have fled from Florence to the hills of Fiesole to escape the BLACK DEATH. The work is justly famous for its grim and realistic firsthand account of the plague in Florence in its prologue. But theDecameronhas remained popular and readable largely because of its great variety of tales and styles, from FABLIAUX to romances and moral tales. Boccaccio began the text shortly after 1348 and finished in roughly 1350–52.

The year 1350 marked a significant turning point in Boccaccio’s life, for it was then that he began his friendship with Petrarch, having convinced his idol to stop in Florence on his way to Rome for the jubilee of 1350. Over the next 24 years, they corresponded regularly. Boccaccio also traveled to see Petrarch three times. Petrarch’s influence changed the direction of Boccaccio’s literary development: He became more devoted to humanistic scholarship and didactic purpose, and began to write almost exclusively in Latin. He wroteDe casibus virorum illustrium(The fates of illustrious men, ca. 1355–60), which influenced Chaucer’sMONK’S TALE, andDe claris mulieribus(Famous Women, ca. 1361), which was a source both for Chaucer’sLEGEND OF GOOD WOMENand CHRISTINE DE PIZAN’sBOOK OF THE CITY OF LADIES. At the same time he worked onGenealogia deorum gentilium(The genealogy of the gentile gods, ca. 1350–65), a study of classical mythology. Boccaccio’s new passion for humanistic letters was fed at the same time by the scholar Leontius Pilatus, whom he met in Milan while visiting Petrarch in 1359. Pilatus taught Boccaccio Greek, and Boccaccio was able to secure an appointment for him as professor of Greek at the University of Florence— the first such appointment since antiquity. By this time the commune of Florence had recognized Boccaccio’s usefulness, and he was being sent on diplomatic missions, to Ludwig of Bavaria in 1351, to the papal court at Avignon in 1354 and 1365, and at Rome in 1366. He also served in the Condotto, the department of military funding. Such appointments mitigated to some extent his financial situation; he is also known to have taken minor orders in the late 1350s. Sometime in the late 1360s, however, Boccaccio’s health began to decline. He made a final trip to his old home in Naples in 1370, but returned ill and exhausted in 1371. Scholars have suggested that his prolonged illness may have been a case of dropsy or scabies, or a combination of both. He was severely ill in 1372, but late that year began a series of lectures on Dante sponsored by the commune of Florence. Boccaccio’s interest in Dante had never wavered, and he had already written hisTrattatello in laude di Dante(In praise of Dante) in two different versions published in 1351 and 1360. He was to revise the text one more time in conjunction with his lectures in 1373.

Petrarch died in 1374, and Boccaccio himself, worn out by long illness, followed on December 21, 1375. His contribution to the study of the classics, including Greek, his efforts in recovering and preserving the reputation of his beloved Dante, his influence on important fellow writers like Chaucer and Christine de Pizan, and most important, his own literary contributions, especially to the development of prose fiction with hisDecameron, make Boccaccio a major figure in the history of world literature.

■ Bergin, Thomas G.Boccaccio. New York:Viking Press, 1981.

■ Boccaccio, Giovanni.The Book of Theseus. Translated by Bernadette McCoy. New York: Medieval Text Association, 1974.

■ ———.The Decameron: A Norton Critical Edition. Edited and translated by Mark Musa, and Peter E. Bondanella. New York: Norton, 1977.

■ ———.Famous Women. Edited and translated by Virginia Brown. Cambridge,Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001.

■ ———.The Filostrato of Giovanni Boccaccio. Translated by N. E. Griffin, and A. B.Myrick.New York: Biblo and Tannen, 1967.

■ Branca, Vittore.Boccaccio: The Man and His Works. Translated by Richard Monges. Cotranslated and edited by Dennis J.McAuliffe. Foreword by Robert C. Clements. New York: New York University Press, 1976.