Catholic encyclopedia

ANALYSIS

Analysis: translation

Analysis
•The process by which anything complex is resolved into simple, or at least less complex parts or elements

Catholic Encyclopedia.Kevin Knight.2006.

Analysis
Analysis
†Catholic_Encyclopedia►Analysis
Analysis (ana="up" or "back", andlyein, "to loose") means a separation; it is the taking apart of that which was united, and corresponds exactly to the Latin form "resolution" (re + solvere). Its opposite is synthesis (syn, "together", andtithenai, "to put", hence, a "putting-together", a "composition"). According to this etymology, analysis, in general, is the process by which anything complex is resolved into simple, or, at least, into less complex parts or elements. This complex may be:
♦ (1) Concrete, that is, an individual substance, quality or process, in either the physical or the mental order;
♦ (2) Abstract and ideal; incapable, therefore, of existing apart from the mind that conceives it.
(1) In the case of a concrete object, we must distinguish three degrees of analysis.Sometimes a real separation or isolation is effected. To resolve a chemical compound into its elements, or white light into the elementary colours, to dissect an organism, to take a machine to pieces, is to proceed analytically. But frequently actual isolation is impossible. Thus the factors of a movement or of a psychological process cannot be set apart and studied separately. If the process occurs at all, it must be a complex one. We may, however, reach an analytical result by means of different successive syntheses, i. e. by variations in the grouping of the elements or circumstances. In order to ascertain the individual nature of any determined element, factor, or circumstance, it is maintained in the state of permanency, while the accompanying elements, factors, or circumstances are eliminated or changed; or, on the contrary, it may be eliminated or modified, while the others remain constant. The four methods of induction belong to this form of analysis. It is also in a large measure the method of psychological experiment and of introspective analysis. Finally, it may be impossible to effect any real dissociation of a concrete thing or event, either because it cannot be reached or controlled, or because it is past. Then mental dissociation and abstraction are used. In a complex object the mind considers separately some part or feature which cannot in reality be separated. Analogy and comparison of such cases with similar instances in which dissociation has been effected are of great value, and the results already ascertained are applied to the case under examination. This occurs frequently in physical and psychological sciences; it is also the method used by the historian or the sociologist in the study of events and institutions.
(2) When the complex is an idea, analysis consists in breaking it up into simpler ideas. We are in the abstract order and must remain therein; consequently, we do not take into consideration the extension of an idea, that is, its range of applicability to concrete things, but its intension, or connotation, that is, its ideal contents. To analyze an idea is to single out in it other ideas whose ideal complexity, or whose connotation is not so great. The same must be said of analytical reasoning. The truth of a proposition or of a complex statement is analytically demonstrated by reverting from the proposition itself to higher principles, from the complex statement to a more general truth. And this applies not only to mathematics, when a given problem is solved by showing its necessary connection with a proposition already demonstrated, or with a self-evident axiom, but also to all the sciences in which from the facts, the effects, and the conditioned we infer the law, the cause, and the condition. Principle, law, cause, nature, condition, are less complex than conclusion, fact, effect, action, conditioned, since these are concrete applications and further determinations of the former. A physical law, for instance, is a simplified expression of all the facts which it governs. In one word, therefore, we may characterize analysis as a process of resolution and regression; synthesis, as a process of composition arid progression.
The confusion that has existed and still exists in the definition and use of the terms analysis and synthesis is due to the diverse natures of the complexes which have to be analyzed. Moreover, the same object may be analyzed from different points of view and, consequently, with various results. It is especially important to keep in mind the distinction between the connotation and the denotation of an idea. As the two vary in inverse ratio, it is clear that, in an idea, the subtraction of certain connotative elements implies an increase in extension. Hence connotative analysis is necessarily an extensive synthesis, andvice versâ. Thus, if my idea of a child is that of "a human being under a certain age", by connotative analysis I may omit the last determination "under a certain age"; what remains is less complex than the idea "child", but applies to a greater number of individuals, namely to all human beings. In order to restrict the extension to fewer individuals, the connotation must be increased, that is, further determinations must be added. In the same manner, a fact, when reduced to a law, either in the physical, the mental, or the historical order, is reduced to something which has a greater extension, since it is assumed to rule all the facts of the same nature, but the law is less complex in connotation, since it does not share the individual characters of the concrete events.
The necessity of analysis comes from the fact that knowledge begins with the perception of the concrete and the individual, and that whatever is concrete is complex. Hence the mind, unable to distinctly grasp the whole reality at once, must divide it, and study the parts separately. Moreover the innate tendency of the mind towards unification and classification leads it to neglect certain aspects, so as to reach more general truths and laws whose range of application is larger. The relative usefulness of analysis and synthesis in the various sciences depends on the nature of the problems to be solved, on the knowledge already at hand, on the mind's attitude, and on the stage of development of the science. Induction is primarily analytic; deduction, primarily synthetic. In proportion as a natural science becomes more systematic, i. e. when more general laws are formulated, the synthetic process is more freely used. Previous analysis then enables one to "compose", or deduce future experience. Where, on the contrary, the law has to be discovered, observation and analysis are dominant, although, even then, synthesis is indispensable for the verification of hypotheses. Some sciences, such as Euclidean geometry, proceed synthetically, from simple notions and axioms to more complex truths. Analysis has the advantage of adhering more strictly to the point under investigation; synthesis is in danger of going astray, since from the same principle many different conclusions may be drawn, and a multitude of real or possible events are governed by the same law. For this same reason, however, synthesis, in certain sciences at least, is likely to prove more fruitful than analysis. It also has the advantage of starting from that which has a natural priority, for the conditioned presupposes the condition. When the result is already known, and the relation between a principle and some one conclusion thus ascertained, synthesis is a great help in teaching others. In synthesis the strictness of logical reasoning is required. Accuracy and exactness in the observation of phenomena, attention to all their details, the power of mental abstraction and generalization are qualities indispensable in the analytic process.
The literature of analysis includes all works on logic and on the methods of the sciences. We give only some few references. DUGALD STEWART,Philosophy of the Human Mind, P. II, iv, § 3; WUNDT,Logik(2d ed., Stuttgart, 1895), II, i; DUHAMEL,Des méthodes dans les sciences de raisonnement(Paris, 1865-73); BAIN,Logic, P. II,Induction(2d ed., London, 1873); ROBERTSON, art.AnalysisinEncyclopœdia Britannica, 9th ed. — On psychological analysis, see, among others, ROYCE,Outlines of Psychology, iv, §§ 40-47 (New York, 1903).
C.A. DUBRAY
Transcribed by Douglas J. PotterDedicated to the Sacred Heart ofJesus Christ

The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume VIII. — New York: Robert Appleton Company.Nihil Obstat.1910.


  1. analysis—мед.сущ. анализ анализ данные анализа Англорусский медицинский словарь....Англо-русский медицинский словарь
  2. analysis—определение химического состава опробование...Англо-русский металлургический словарь
  3. analysis—анализ проба химический состав расчт исследование определение см.u тж.u сочет.u сem [email protected] spectroscopic analysisабсорбционный спектральный анализactivation an...Англо-русский словарь по авиационно-космическим материалам
  4. analysis—анализ исследование проба аналитический метод analysis of variance стат. дисперсионный анализ back cross analysis анализ методом обратного скрещивания cellcycle an...Англо-русский словарь по иммунологии
  5. analysis—анализ...Англо-русский физический словарь
  6. analysis—аналз[c steelblue] зу...Analytical Chemistry (Eng-Ukr)
  7. analysis—analysis translation nounADJECTIVE careful close comprehensive detailed indepth serious systematic thorough brief objective comparative critical qualitative quanti...Collocations dictionary
  8. analysis—analysis translation analysisstrong analysis [nlss] noun analyses PLURALFORM [siz] [countable uncountable] . strong a careful examination of something in order to under...Financial and business terms
  9. analysis—analysis translation complete chemical analysisstrong Chemical analysis of a water sample for physical chemical and bacteriological constituents []....Lexicon of Cave and Karst Terminology
  10. analysis—Analysis bersetzung der Teil der Mathematik der alle Untersuchungen ber die positiven und negativen ganzen und gebrochenen rationalen und irrationalen algebraischen und t...Lexikon der gesamten Technik
  11. analysis—analysis translationSynonyms and related wordsBaconian method Boolean algebra Euclidean geometry Fourier analysis Lagrangian function a fortiori reasoning a posteriori re...Moby Thesaurus
  12. analysis—analysis translationThe process of breaking a concept down into more simple parts so that its logical structure is displayed. At its most elementary this may be revealed ...Philosophy dictionary
  13. analysis—Analysis bersetzung Anaulysisstrong f. unz. Math. . strongUntersuchung der Lsung geometrischer Konstruktionsaufgabenem . strongGebiet auf dem die Infinitesimalrechnung ...Universal-Lexicon
  14. analysis—Analysis bersetzung Anaulysisstrong f. unz. Math. . strongUntersuchung der Lsung geometrischer Konstruktionsaufgabenem . strongGebiet auf dem die Infinitesimalrechnung ...Universal-Lexicon
  15. analysis—Analysis bersetzung Anaulysisstrong f. unz. Math. . strongUntersuchung der Lsung geometrischer Konstruktionsaufgabenem . strongGebiet auf dem die Infinitesimalrechnung ...Universal-Lexicon
  16. analysis—Analysis bersetzung Anaulysisstrong f. unz. Math. . strongUntersuchung der Lsung geometrischer Konstruktionsaufgabenem . strongGebiet auf dem die Infinitesimalrechnung ...Universal-Lexicon
  17. analysis—Analysis bersetzung Anaulysisstrong f. unz. Math. . strongUntersuchung der Lsung geometrischer Konstruktionsaufgabenem . strongGebiet auf dem die Infinitesimalrechnung ...Universal-Lexicon
  18. analysis—Analysis bersetzung Anaulysisstrong f. unz. Math. . strongUntersuchung der Lsung geometrischer Konstruktionsaufgabenem . strongGebiet auf dem die Infinitesimalrechnung ...Universal-Lexicon
  19. analysis—Analysis bersetzung Anaulysisstrong f. unz. Math. . strongUntersuchung der Lsung geometrischer Konstruktionsaufgabenem . strongGebiet auf dem die Infinitesimalrechnung ...Universal-Lexicon
  20. analysis—Analysis bersetzung Anaulysisstrong f. unz. Math. . strongUntersuchung der Lsung geometrischer Konstruktionsaufgabenem . strongGebiet auf dem die Infinitesimalrechnung ...Universal-Lexicon
  21. analysis—Analysis bersetzung Anaulysisstrong f. unz. Math. . strongUntersuchung der Lsung geometrischer Konstruktionsaufgabenem . strongGebiet auf dem die Infinitesimalrechnung ...Universal-Lexicon
  22. analysis—Analysis bersetzung Anaulysisstrong f. unz. Math. . strongUntersuchung der Lsung geometrischer Konstruktionsaufgabenem . strongGebiet auf dem die Infinitesimalrechnung ...Universal-Lexicon
  23. analysis—Analysis bersetzung Anaulysisstrong f. unz. Math. . strongUntersuchung der Lsung geometrischer Konstruktionsaufgabenem . strongGebiet auf dem die Infinitesimalrechnung ...Universal-Lexicon
  24. analysis—Analysis bersetzung Anaulysisstrong f. unz. Math. . strongUntersuchung der Lsung geometrischer Konstruktionsaufgabenem . strongGebiet auf dem die Infinitesimalrechnung ...Universal-Lexicon
  25. analysis—Analysis bersetzung Anaulysisstrong f. unz. Math. . strongUntersuchung der Lsung geometrischer Konstruktionsaufgabenem . strongGebiet auf dem die Infinitesimalrechnung ...Universal-Lexicon
  26. analysis—анализ исследование check analysis chemical analysis ergonomic analysis failsafe analysis finite element analysis mechanical analysis model analysis noise analysis perfor...Англо-русский автомобильный словарь
  27. analysis—[nlss]анализ изучение исследованиеразложениеразборпсихоанализ...Англо-русский большой универсальный переводческий словарь
  28. analysis—анализ analysis by dry way сухой анализ analysis by measure объмный анализ analysis by titration титровальный анализ analysis by wet way мокрый анализ analysis of discove...Англо-русский геологический словарь
  29. analysis—анализ approximate analysis check analysis chemical analysis complete chemical analysis dimensional analysis Fourier analysis fractional analysis genetic analysis ...Англо-русский гидрогеологический словарь
  30. analysis—transcription транскрипция [ nlss ] анализ метод analysis of economic activities of an enterprise activity analysis comparative analysis comparative cost analysi...Англо-русский деловой словарь
  31. analysis—анализ chem. разложение gram. разбор психоанализ...Англо-русский дополнительный словарь
  32. analysis—анализ исследование расчт analysis of behavior analysis of queues analysis of variance analogical meansends analysis approximate analysis approximation analysis aspect...Англо-русский машиностроительный словарь
  33. analysis—анализ исследование изучение разбор анализ состав analysis in time domain временной анализ analysis is in control состав попадает в анализ analysis situs матем. топ...Англо-русский научно-технический словарь
  34. analysis—разбор...Англо-русский онлайн словарь
  35. analysis—разбор...Англо-русский онлайн словарь
  36. analysis—анализ activation analysis aminoterminal analysis analysis of covariance analysis of variance approximate analysis association analysis atomic spectrum analysis basal ana...Англо-русский словарь биологических терминов
  37. analysis—анализ обстановки по карте уяснение задачи воен....Англо-русский словарь военных терминов
  38. analysis—анализ изучение исследование...Англо-русский словарь компьютерных терминов
  39. analysis—Analysis анализ разбор исследование...Англо-русский словарь компьютерных терминов II
  40. analysis—n анализ дифференциальное и интегральное исчисление исследование подробное рассмотрение психоанализ разбор...Англо-русский словарь Лингвистика-98
  41. analysis—analysis [nlss] nu plu ses анализ хим.u разложение грам.u разборsentence analysis синтаксический разбор психоанализ in the last илиem final analysis в конечном счте...Англо-русский словарь Мюллера
  42. analysis—.strong анализ исследование .strong химический состав bulk analysis check analysis chemical analysis destructive analysis differential thermal analysis fluorescenc...Англо-русский словарь нефтегазовой промышленности
  43. analysis—сущ. анализ изучение исследование careful thorough analysis подробный анализ серьезное исследование painstaking penetrating analysis сложный анализ сложное исследован...Англо-русский словарь общей лексики
  44. analysis—анализ...Англо-русский словарь по биотехнологиям
  45. analysis—анализ разбор исследование...Англо-русский словарь по компьютерам
  46. analysis—анализ изучение криптоанализ acoustic analysis algorithmic analysis audittrial analysis block frequency analysis cepstrum analysis cipher analysis cluster analysis ...Англо-русский словарь по компьютерной безопасности
  47. analysis—анализ исследование расчт analogical meansends analysis analysis of behavior analysis of queues analysis of variance approximate analysis approximation analysis ...Англо-русский словарь по машиностроению и автоматизации производства
  48. analysis—analysis of invention analysis of meaning analysis of patent information analysis of patent situation bibliometric analysis comparative analysis construction analys...Англо-русский словарь по патентам и товарным знакам
  49. analysis—сокр.u anal. . анализ . химический состав check analysis mechanical analysis particle size analysis qualitative analysis sieve analysis spectral analysis...Англо-русский словарь по пластикам
  50. analysis—Анализ elutriation analysis syntax analysis system analysis...Англо-русский словарь по полиграфии
  51. analysis—n .strong расчленение объекта на его составляющие .strong совокупность методов научного исследования. strong расчленение объекта на его составляющие strong совокупност...Англо-русский словарь по социологии
  52. analysis—анализ analysis by synthesis channel analysis frequency analysis harmonic analysis network analysis noise analysis pulsetrain analysis radiometric analysis signa...Англо-русский словарь по телекоммуникациям
  53. analysis—nounuанализ mu analysis of covariance ковариационный анализ analysis of variance дисперсионный анализ alphafactor analysis альфафакторный анализ canonical correlation an...Англо-русский словарь по теории вероятности, статистике и комбинаторике
  54. analysis—strong анализ исследование подробное рассмотрениеstrong бухг.em метод расчта analysis of accounts analysis of corporate cash flows analysis of observation ABC analysis ac...Англо-русский словарь по экономике
  55. analysis—n pl analysesанализ исследование изучениеto carry out to make an analysis of smthem проводить делать анализ чегол.to undergo analysis подвергаться анализу allround an...Англо-русский словарь политической терминологии
  56. analysis—n. анализ исследование разбор проба психоанализ разложение...Англо-русский словарь редакция bed
  57. analysis—анализ m...Англо-русский словарь стекольной промышленности
  58. analysis—.strong анализ исследование изучение .strong расчт исчисление вычислениеanalysis by finite differences расчт методом конечных разностейanalysis by finite elements расчт...Англо-русский словарь строительных терминов
  59. analysis—анализ метод analysis of economic activities of an enterprise activity analysis comparative analysis comparative cost analysis cost analysis costbenefit anal...Англо-русский словарь финансовых терминов
  60. analysis—сущ.emstrong расчленение объекта на его составляющие совокупность методов научного исследования. causal analysis[m] cluster analysis[m] cohort analysis[m] componential an...Англо-русский социологический словарь
  61. analysis—анализ cytological analysis цитологический анализ genetic analysis генетический анализ...Англо-русский терминологический перечень по культуре тканей растений
  62. analysis—анализ анализирование состав исследование разбор проба activation analysis activity analysis analysis by scanning analysis by synthesis analysis is in control analysis of...Англо-русский технический словарь
  63. analysis—анализ изучение исследование а сложный процесс включающий в себя идентификацию вопроса или проблемы моделирование исследование результатов интерпретацию результатов и выр...Англо-русский толковый словарь терминов и сокращений по ВТ, Интернету и программированию
  64. analysis—сущ. мн. analyses общ. анализ изучение исследование подробное рассмотрениеto make an analysis провести исследованиеindustry analysis отраслевой анализ изучение экономич...Англо-русский экономический словарь
  65. analysis—n analyses аналз sentence analysis хм. розклад розкладання психоаналз in the last analysis...Англо-украинский словарь
  66. analysis—аналз експертиза analysis of the evidence in the crime laboratory аналз доказв у кримналстичнй лаборатор analysis of blood analysis of genetic material analysis of phys...Англо-украинский юридический словарь
  67. analysis—n pl analyses аналз дослдження детальний розгляд gnoseological гносеологчний аналз obscure непереконливий аналз operationalist операцйний аналз phenomenalist феном...Англо-український дипломатичний словник
  68. analysis—аналз...Англо-український словник
  69. analysis—nаналз вивчення дослдження error analysis power spectrum analysis prognostic analysis weather analysis...Англо-український словник авіаційних термінів
  70. analysis—n pl analyses аналз дослдження докладний розгляд грам. розбр sentence синтаксичний розбр хм. розклад розкладання проба аналз психоаналз аналтичний метод аналз spect...Англо-український словник Балла М.І.
  71. analysis—pl analyses...Англо-український словник технічних термінів
  72. analysis—pl analysesаналз дослдження теоря...Англо-український словник технічних термінів II
  73. analysis—аналз експертиза analysis of the evidence in the crime laboratory аналз доказв у кримналстичнй лаборатор analysis of bloodanalysis of genetic materialanalysis of physica...Англо-український юридичний словник
  74. analysis—f математический анализ...Большой немецко-русский и русско-немецкий словарь
  75. analysis—Анализ. Краткий толковый словарь по полиграфии....Краткий толковый словарь по полиграфии
  76. analysis—analysisis fiанализ...Латинский словарь
  77. analysis—analysisanalysis is fанализ...Латинско-русский словарь
  78. analysis—f...Немецко-русский математический словарь
  79. analysis—f...Немецко-русский математический словарь
  80. analysis—[nlss] n pl ses. анализ исследование подробное рассмотрениеcritical analysis критический анализanalysis of variance мат. дисперсионный анализ результаты анализа исслед...Новый большой англо-русский словарь
  81. analysis—analysis [nlss] n pl sesi . анализ исследование подробное рассмотрение critical критический анализ of variance мат. iдисперсионный анализ результаты анализа исследо...Новый большой англо-русский словарь II
  82. analysis—nlss n pl sesem . анализ исследование подробное рассмотрение critical критический анализ of variance мат. emдисперсионный анализ результаты анализа исследования ...Новый большой англо-русский словарь под общим руководством акад. Ю.Д. Апресяна
  83. analysis—См. anlisi....Пятиязычный словарь лингвистических терминов
  84. analysis—Смотри Анализ....Энциклопедический словарь по металлургии